23 Kan. App. 2d 1038
No. 74,571
THE CESSNA AIRCRAFT COMPANY and SUN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, Appellees, v. METROPOLITAN TOPEKA AIRPORT AUTHORITY, Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. Summary judgment is only appropriate if the record conclusively shows that there is no issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. This court, like the trial court, must resolve all facts and inferences which may reasonably be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party opposing the summary judgment motion, and if reasonable minds could differ as to the conclusions drawn from the evidence, summary judgment must be denied.
2. When appellate review is sought in connection with a motion for directed verdict, the court is required to resolve all facts and inferences reasonably to be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party against whom the ruling is sought, and where reasonable minds could reach different conclusions based on the evidence, the trial court's denial of the motion must be affirmed.
3. To recover in a negligence action, the plaintiff must prove a duty was owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and that the breach of duty was the proximate cause of damages sustained by the plaintiff. The existence of a duty is a question of law, subject to unlimited review by this court.
4. One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if (a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or (b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or (c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon the undertaking. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965). This doctrine applies to claims for property damage.
5. A duty can arise under Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965) on the basis of undertakings contained in a lease.
6. Generally, the Kansas Tort Claims Act makes governmental liability for tort claims the rule (K.S.A. 75-6103[a]), subject to numerous exceptions (K.S.A. 75-6104). A governmental entity claiming immunity bears the burden of showing it fits within one of the exceptions to liability.
7. Based on the record in this case, the district court did not err in rejecting defendant's claims of immunity under K.S.A. 75-6104(c), (e), (k), and (n).
8. Errors regarding jury instructions do not warrant reversal unless they result in prejudice to the appealing party. Instructions are to be considered together and read as a whole, and where they fairly instruct the jury on the law governing the case, error in an isolated instruction may be disregarded as harmless. If the instructions are substantially correct, and the jury could not be reasonably misled by them, the instructions will be approved on appeal.
9. A party may not assign as error the giving or failure to give an instruction unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict. The objection must distinctly state the matter to which the party objects and the grounds for such objection unless the instruction is clearly erroneous.
10. To recover in a negligence action, the breach of duty must be the actual and proximate cause of the injury. Whether conduct in a given case is the cause in fact or proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries is normally a question of fact for the jury.
11. When a verdict is challenged for insufficiency of evidence or as being contrary to the evidence, it is not the function of this court to weigh the evidence or pass on the credibility of the witnesses. If the evidence, with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, when considered in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, supports the verdict, it will not be disturbed on appeal.
12. Rulings on the admissibility of evidence fall within the sound discretion of the trial court. One attacking an evidentiary ruling must show an abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion exists only when no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court.
13. K.S.A. 60-608 provides that in cases with multiple defendants, the plaintiff may elect venue based on any one of the defendants against whom a substantial claim exists. K.S.A. 60-608 may be applied even if one of the multiple defendants is an airport authority.
14. Cumulative error warrants reversal when the various errors have so permeated and tainted the entire proceedings that a party has been deprived of the fair trial to which every litigant is entitled.
15. Charges for discovery depositions, not used as evidence, are ordinarily not taxable as costs. The burden of proving any exception to this rule rests upon the party claiming the costs.
16. Under the circumstances of this case, when a party fails to comply with the district court's order that all experts designated must be present for trial, the district court did not abuse its discretion in assessing certain deposition charges as costs.
Appeal from Osage District Court; JAMES J. SMITH, judge. Opinion filed June 6, 1997. Affirmed.
Michael P. Oliver and Arlen L. Tanner, of Wallace, Saunders, Austin, Brown & Enochs, Chartered, of Overland Park, and Wayne T. Stratton and Steve A. Schwarm, of Goodell, Stratton, Edmonds & Palmer, of Topeka, for appellant.
Robert W. Cotter, Patrick J. Kaine, and Kent M. Bevan, of Dysart Taylor Penner Lay & Lewandowski, P.C., of Kansas City, Missouri, for appellees.
Donald L. Moler, Jr., general counsel, for amicus curiae League of Kansas Municipalities.
ROYSE, P.J., WAHL, S.J., and STEVEN R. BECKER, District Judge, assigned.
ROYSE, J.: Cessna Aircraft Company (Cessna) and Sun Life Insurance Company of America (Sun Life) brought this action against the Metropolitan Topeka Airport Authority (MTAA) to recover damages for aircraft destroyed in a hangar fire at Forbes Field Airport. The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiffs, and MTAA appeals.
MTAA is a governmental entity created pursuant to K.S.A. 27-317 et seq. MTAA operates two airports, Philip Billard Airport and Forbes Field Airport. Located within the confines of the Forbes Field Airport is hangar 626, an aircraft hangar built in the 1940's. On November 30, 1990, MTAA leased hangar 626 to a private corporation, Forbes Aviation d/b/a/ Million Air-Topeka (Million Air). Million Air subsequently subleased a portion of hangar 626 to Cessna for aircraft storage.
In 1993, Million Air hired Arnol Stegman d/b/a Steeplejack Services, Inc., to replace the roof on hangar 626. Stegman contracted with two individuals, Kelvin Lynn and Kelly McGlumphrey, to help with the roofing project.
Application of a rubber roof to replace the existing wooden roof on hangar 626 involved using a propane torch. During the evening of July 20, 1993, as Lynn and McGlumphrey worked on the roof, a fire started, which eventually engulfed the hangar and destroyed 13 airplanes--10 owned by Cessna and 3 which Cessna leased from Sun Life.
Cessna and Sun Life filed suit against MTAA, Million Air, Stegman, Lynn and McGlumphrey. Million Air settled with the plaintiffs prior to trial. The jury determined fault as follows: Million Air--37%; Stegman--12%; Lynn--7%; McGlumphrey--1%; and MTAA--43%. The jury determined Cessna had sustained damages totalling $15 million and Sun Life had sustained damages in excess of $5 million.
MTAA argues on appeal that the district court erred in denying its motions for summary judgment and for directed verdict. (There is no document labelled motion for directed verdict. At the conclusion of the evidence, MTAA's counsel asked the court to order a directed verdict based upon the arguments contained in its trial brief.)
Summary judgment is only appropriate if the record conclusively shows that there is no issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. C.J.W. v. State, 253 Kan. 1, 16, 853 P.2d 4 (1993). This court, like the trial court, must resolve all facts and inferences which may reasonably be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party opposing the summary judgment motion, and if reasonable minds could differ as to the conclusions drawn from the evidence, summary judgment must be denied. P.W. v. Kansas Dept. of SRS, 255 Kan. 827, 828-29, 877 P.2d 430 (1994).
When appellate review is sought in connection with a motion for directed verdict, the court is required to resolve all facts and inferences reasonably to be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party against whom the ruling is sought, and where reasonable minds could reach different conclusions based on the evidence, the trial court's denial of the motion must be affirmed. See Kuhl v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rwy. Co., 250 Kan. 332, Syl. ¶ 1, 827 P.2d 1 (1992).
Before dealing specifically with the issues MTAA raises on appeal, we note that MTAA's brief on appeal exceeds the 50-page limit imposed under Rule 6.07 (1996 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 33). MTAA's use of Roman numerals in the nature of the case, issues, and statement of facts sections of its brief, while employing Arabic numerals in the argument section of its brief, is not a permissible way to bypass the 50-page rule. Nor did MTAA's motion to exceed the page limit comply with the requirements under Rule 6.07, that it be submitted prior to submission of the brief and include a specific total page request.
DUTY
MTAA argues on appeal that it did not owe any duty to plaintiffs under any exception to the general rule that a landlord is not liable to third parties for their damages occurring on a tenant's leasehold.
To recover in a negligence action, the plaintiff must prove a duty was owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of that duty, and that the breach of duty was the proximate cause of damages sustained by the plaintiff. P.W. v. Kansas Dept. of SRS, 255 Kan. at 831. The existence of a duty is a question of law, subject to unlimited review by this court. 255 Kan. at 831.
MTAA refers to the general rule that a landlord has no liability for damages to tenants or others entering the land which result from defective conditions existing at the time of the lease. Borders v. Roseberry, 216 Kan. 486, 488, 532 P.2d 1366 (1975). MTAA acknowledges that there are six common-law exceptions to the rule of nonliability: (1) undisclosed dangerous conditions known to lessor and unknown to the lessee; (2) conditions dangerous to persons outside the premises; (3) premises leased for admission of the public; (4) areas retained in the lessor's control which lessee is entitled to use; (5) where lessor contracts to repair; and (6) negligence by lessor in making repairs. 216 Kan. at 488-92. MTAA, however, contends that none of the six exceptions apply in this case.
MTAA's argument that the common-law exceptions do not apply in this case is academic. The plaintiffs did not base their claim on one of the six common-law exceptions noted, nor did the district court refer to one of those exceptions in denying MTAA's motion for summary judgment. Finally, the district court did not instruct the jury that MTAA bore a duty to plaintiffs under one of the six common-law exceptions to landlord nonliability. In short, the principles set forth in Borders did not provide the basis of MTAA's liability in this case.
The record in this case makes clear that the district court applied Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965) in finding that MTAA bore a duty to plaintiffs, which section provides:
| "One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or
(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon the undertaking."
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Section 324A was adopted by the Supreme Court in Schmeck v. City of Shawnee, 232 Kan. 11, Syl. ¶ 4, 651 P.2d 585 (1982).
The record in this case shows that MTAA undertook to provide its tenants, including Million Air, with fire and police protection. Moreover, MTAA adopted rules and regulations restricting persons from entering hangars without permission and from performing work on a hangar without written permission from airport management. Other regulations restricted the use of flame operations and the storage of flammable materials in hangars. MTAA further represented that it would provide Cessna with the same type of services offered its other tenants.
MTAA argues that § 324A is inapplicable to claims for property damage. MTAA cites Barber v. Williams, 244 Kan. 318, 324, 767 P.2d 1284 (1989), a case in which the Supreme Court held § 324A did not apply in plaintiff's action to recover money she had paid to astrologers. Although this argument was not raised in MTAA's motions for summary judgment or directed verdict, we will address it briefly.
MTAA's suggestion that property damage is not "physical harm" as used in § 324A is not persuasive. In Johnson v. Board of Pratt County Comm'rs, 259 Kan. 305, 913 P.2d 119 (1996), the Supreme Court held that § 324A was applicable to a claim against an engineering firm for property damage resulting from the negligent design of a bridge. Moreover, paragraph b of the Comment to § 324A makes clear that the section applies when the actor's conduct "results in physical harm to the third person or his things." See also Circle Land & Cattle Corp. v. Amoco Oil Corp., 232 Kan. 482, 657 P.2d 532 (1983) (applying similar section, § 323, to claim for property damage to irrigation engines).
Although MTAA does not raise this argument, amicus curiae League of Kansas Municipalities argues that if a duty can arise under § 324A on the basis of undertakings contained in a lease, then governmental entities are subjected to unforeseen risks of liability. This argument is not persuasive. A lease is no different than any other contract, in that a governmental entity may negotiate its terms and decide whether to subject itself to its obligations. The Supreme Court has already applied § 324A on the basis of contractual undertakings. See Johnson, 259 Kan. at 318; Ingram v. Howard-Needles-Tammen & Bergendoff, 234 Kan. 289, 295, 672 P.2d 1083 (1983).
In its reply brief, MTAA raises several additional challenges to the district court's reliance on § 324A. Those new issues are not properly before us.
| "Rule 6.05 (1988 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 25) prohibits filing a reply brief unless it is necessary to do so because of new material contained in the appellee's brief. The reply brief is an inappropriate forum for raising additional issues because it violates Supreme Court rules and denies the appellee the opportunity to respond to those issues." In re Marriage of Powell, 13 Kan. App. 2d 174, 177, 766 P.2d 827 (1988) rev. denied 244 Kan. 737 (1989). |
The district court did not err in determining that § 324A was applicable to plaintiffs' claims for property damage. In light of this conclusion, we will only briefly address MTAA's other duty arguments.
MTAA argues that it had no special relationship with plaintiffs which would give rise to a duty to Cessna and that Cessna was not an intended third-party beneficiary of the MTAA/Million Air lease. These arguments misconstrue the district court's order denying its motion for summary judgment and are not persuasive. The district court did not rely on the mere existence of a landlord-tenant relationship or on a third-party beneficiary theory; the court made clear that MTAA's duty arose out of its contractual obligations with Million Air and its course of dealing with and representations to Cessna. The district court did not instruct the jury that liability could be imposed on MTAA merely on the basis of a special relationship, nor was a contractual third-party beneficiary theory submitted to the jury. As noted above, the district court generally relied on § 324A in instructing the jury with regard to MTAA's duty.
In summary, the district court did not err in denying MTAA's motions for summary judgment and directed verdict on the duty issue.
IMMUNITY
MTAA argues that the district court erred by denying its motions for summary judgment and directed verdict on immunity grounds. This issue requires us to interpret and apply several sections of the Kansas Tort Claims Act. Interpretation of a statute is a question of law, over which this court has unlimited review. Foulk v. Colonial Terrace, 20 Kan. App. 2d 277, Syl. ¶ 1, 887 P.2d 140 (1994), rev. denied 257 Kan. 1091 (1995).
There is no dispute that MTAA is a governmental entity created pursuant to 27-327 et seq. It is a political subdivision exempt from the payment of damages. K.S.A. 27-330(a). Generally, the Kansas Tort Claims Act makes governmental liability for tort claims the rule (K.S.A. 75-6103[a]), subject to numerous exceptions (K.S.A. 75-6104). A governmental entity claiming immunity bears the burden of showing it fits within one of the exceptions to liability. Jackson v. City of Kansas City, 235 Kan. 278, 286, 680 P.2d 877 (1984). MTAA argues that this case fits within four exceptions: K.S.A. 75-6104(c), (e), (k), and (n).
K.S.A. 75-6104(c) provides that a governmental entity shall not be liable for damages resulting from "enforcement of or failure to enforce a law, whether valid or invalid, including, but not limited to, any statute, rule and regulation, ordinance or resolution." MTAA argues that the plaintiffs relied on the theory that MTAA failed to prohibit the roofers from using an open flame, contrary to MTAA regulations. MTAA contends that claim is no more than a claim that MTAA failed to enforce a regulation.
Our Supreme Court discussed 75-6104(c) in Cansler v. State, 234 Kan. 554, 675 P.2d 57 (1984). That case involved claims for damages arising out of the defendants' failure to warn plaintiff that convicts had escaped from the penitentiary. The Supreme Court observed:
| "But state agencies all are created by law; their powers and their duties are established by law; and, in one sense or another, they carry out or enforce the law when they proceed with their day-to-day operations. If 75-6104(c) is given the broadest possible construction, then it becomes almost impossible to conceive of an action by a governmental agency which does not constitute enforcing or carrying out a law.
"We construe K.S.A. 1981 Supp. 75-6104(c) to provide an exemption from claimed liability only where claimant's sole asserted claim of causal negligence is the public entity's enforcement or failure to enforce a law. That section does not provide an exemption where the agency, in enforcing or failing to enforce a law, commits some additional tortious act or omission which would be negligence at common law, and which act or omission causes damage." (Emphasis added.) 234 Kan. at 568.
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Thus, in Cansler, the court concluded immunity was not available under 75-6104(c) because the plaintiff's claim was not based simply upon the failure to retain custody of inmates as required by statute. The plaintiff's claim was also grounded in the common-law duty to retain control of known dangerous persons, in giving such dangerous persons access to dangerous weapons, permitting them to escape while armed, and in failing to warn individuals, including plaintiff, of the escape. 234 Kan. at 570. See also Fudge v. City of Kansas City, 239 Kan. 369, 374, 720 P.2d 1093 (1986) (75-6104[c] inapplicable where officers allegedly violated mandatory internal rules); Jackson, 235 Kan. at 285-86 (75-6104[c] inapplicable where plaintiffs claimed firefighters failed to operate emergency vehicle in accord with departmental rules, drove at an excessive speed, and drove without due regard for the safety of others).
MTAA contends the roofers' use of an open flame was a violation of an MTAA rule by a third party, not a violation by MTAA of its own rules and regulations. This contention was not set forth by MTAA in its motion for summary judgment or directed verdict. MTAA has abandoned on appeal the argument it raised below, that plaintiffs were basing their claim solely on MTAA's failure to enforce its own rules and regulations.
In any event, MTAA fails to recognize that plaintiffs' claim against MTAA was not based solely on the roofers' use of an open flame or on MTAA's failure to enforce its own rules and regulations. The pretrial order, the response to the motion for summary judgment, and the trial transcript make clear that plaintiffs based their claim against MTAA on common-law duties, including the duty under § 324A discussed above, on its safety department manual provision that the needs of the tenants form an integral part of the mission of the safety department, on its undertaking in the lease to provide Million Air with the structural fire and police protection it provides other tenants, on its representations that it would provide Cessna the same type of services offered other tenants and would report anything unusual to Cessna, and on numerous internal rules which MTAA allegedly violated.
The district court did not err in rejecting MTAA's claim of immunity under 75-6104(c).
MTAA also claims immunity under K.S.A. 75-6104(e), which provides a governmental entity shall not be liable for damages resulting from the exercise or failure to exercise a discretionary function. MTAA contends plaintiffs' claims involved MTAA's exercise of discretion regarding what fire and police protection methods to use and what procedures to adopt relevant to inspecting and protecting hangar 626.
The key in determining whether 75-6104(e) applies is to focus on "the nature and quality of the discretion exercised. . . rather than the status of the employee exercising that discretion." Robertson v. City of Topeka, 231 Kan. 358, 362, 644 P.2d 458 (1982). "The test is whether the judgments of the government employee are of the nature and quality which the legislature intended to put beyond judicial review." Carpenter v. Johnson, 231 Kan. 783, 788, 649 P.2d 400 (1982).
| "The discretionary function exception under K.S.A. 75-6104(d) [now K.S.A. 75-6104(e)] of the Kansas Tort Claims Act is not applicable in those situations where a legal duty exists, either by case law or by statute, which the governmental agency is required to follow. The governmental agency does not have a discretionary right to violate a legal duty and avoid liability." Dougan v. Rossville Drainage Dist., 243 Kan. 315, Syl. ¶ 3, 757 P.2d 272 (1988). |
Immunity is available under 75-6104(e) (formerly 75-6104[d]) only when no mandatory duty or guidelines exist. 243 Kan. at 323; see Bolyard v. Kansas Dept. of SRS, 259 Kan. 447, 452, 912 P.2d 729 (1996).
As discussed above, when viewing the record in this case as we must, with all facts and reasonable inferences drawn in favor of the plaintiffs, there is evidence to support plaintiffs' claim that MTAA not only obligated itself to provide law enforcement and fire protection to its tenants and to Cessna, but it also established mandatory rules and procedures for doing so. As the Supreme Court stated in Beck v. Kansas Adult Authority, 241 Kan. 13, 31, 735 P.2d 222 (1987),"[D]isregard of those . . . departmental policies, and regulations was not within the discretionary function exception."
Although MTAA does not raise this argument, amicus curiae League of Kansas Municipalities argues that providing fire protection to a lessee is a matter of discretion on the part of the governmental entity. While it is true that the decision to lease property and provide fire protection to a lessee may be discretionary, once a governmental entity undertakes to provide those services, and to adopt mandatory regulations and policies in connection with those services, discretionary immunity does not protect the governmental entity from liability for a failure to provide services in accord with those regulations and policies. See Bolyard, 259 Kan. at 452; Nero v. Kansas State University, 253 Kan. 567, 586-88, 861 P.2d 768 (1993); Fudge, 239 Kan. at 375.
MTAA argues for the first time on appeal that it is entitled to immunity under K.S.A. 75-6104(k), which provides a governmental entity shall not be liable for damages for "the failure to make an inspection, or making an inadequate or negligent inspection, of any property other than the property of the governmental entity, to determine whether the property complies with or violates any law or regulation or contains a hazard to public health or safety." This claim is not properly before us, because a new legal theory may not be asserted for the first time on appeal. Bolyard, 259 Kan. 447, Syl. ¶ 8. MTAA may not adopt a new position on appeal by attempting to broaden its immunity claim.
Finally, MTAA argues that it is entitled to immunity under K.S.A. 75-6104(n), which provides a governmental entity shall not be liable for damages for the "failure to provide, or the method of providing, police or fire protection." This argument is without merit. First, the Supreme Court has made clear the parameters of 75-6104(n):
| "We believe [this provision] is aimed at such basic matters as the type and number of fire trucks and police cars considered necessary for the operation of the respective departments; how many personnel might be required; how many and where police cars are to operate; the placement and supply of fire hydrants; and the selection of equipment options. Accordingly, a city is immunized from such claims as a burglary could have been prevented if additional police cars had been on patrol, or a house could have been saved if more or better fire equipment had been purchased. We do not believe [this provision] is so broad as to immunize a city on every aspect of negligent police and fire department operations. Should firemen negligently go to the wrong house and chop a hole in the roof thereof, we do not believe the city has immunity therefor on the basis the negligent act was a part of the method of fire protection." Jackson, 235 Kan. at 292. |
Unlike the "basic matters" described in Jackson, plaintiffs here asserted MTAA was liable for its failure to carry out very specific undertakings to Million Air and Cessna. Plaintiffs claimed MTAA failed to perform special police and fire protection duties, which it specifically undertook for their benefit. Plaintiffs did not ground their claim of negligence on the number of truck and patrol cars used by MTAA or the number of personnel necessary to carry out MTAA's undertakings.
A second important point from Jackson is that the provision for immunity for fire and police protection under the tort claims act grows out of the old rule of sovereign immunity for carrying out governmental functions. Jackson comments that Kansas case law regarding immunity for governmental functions which predates the tort claims act is helpful in construing the fire and police immunity provision. 235 Kan. at 291.
What separates this case from those which address immunity for governmental functions is that MTAA, as a landowner, undertook to provide certain security measures to its tenant and the occupant of its hangar. Once MTAA undertook to become a landlord and to provide such security measures, it became subject to the same rules which apply to private landlords who undertake to perform the same type of service. See Nero, 253 Kan. at 583.
For these reasons, the district court did not err in denying MTAA's motions for summary judgment and directed verdict on the immunity issue.
INSTRUCTIONS
MTAA argues on appeal that the district court erred in four of its instructions to the jury.
Errors regarding jury instructions do not warrant reversal unless they result in prejudice to the appealing party. Instructions are to be considered together and read as a whole, and where they fairly instruct the jury on the law governing the case, error in an isolated instruction may be disregarded as harmless. If the instructions are substantially correct, and the jury could not be reasonably misled by them, the instructions will be approved on appeal. Noel v. Pizza Management, Inc., 258 Kan. 3, 12, 899 P.2d 1013 (1995).
The first instruction MTAA complains of was Instruction No. 13, an issue instruction which delineated plaintiffs' claims of fault against MTAA. MTAA complains on appeal that the instruction misstates the law, is overbroad, does not require the jury to find specific facts or permit the jury to find any specific fault, and requires the jury to assume ultimate facts. MTAA did not raise these arguments at trial and may not do so for the first time on appeal.
| "A party may not assign as error the giving or failure to give an instruction unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict. The objection must distinctly state the matter to which the party objects and the grounds for such objection unless the instruction is clearly erroneous." Bright v. Cargill, Inc., 251 Kan. 387, 409, 837 P.2d 348 (1992). |
See K.S.A. 60-251(b). MTAA's contention that there was no evidence to support plaintiffs' claims of MTAA fault is without merit.
MTAA claims