City of Arkansas City v. Sybrant

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No. 102,753

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

THE CITY OF ARKANSAS CITY,
Appellee,

v.

JOHN SYBRANT,
Appellant.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
A complaint or information is the jurisdictional instrument upon which a
defendant is brought to trial; it must allege the essential elements of the charged offenses.

2.
Appellate review of an allegedly deficient complaint is unlimited.

3.
The proper avenue for challenging an allegedly defective complaint is a motion for
arrest of judgment pursuant to K.S.A. 22-3502.

4.
When a challenge alleging a defective complaint is raised for the first time on
appeal, an aggrieved defendant must establish prejudice in one of three ways: (1) The
defective complaint has impaired the defendant's ability to prepare a defense; (2) the
complaint would prevent the defendant from raising a double jeopardy defense in a
subsequent prosecution; or (3) the complaint limited, in any manner, the defendant's
constitutional right to a fair trial.
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5.
When a criminal defendant challenges a jury instruction on appeal without
objecting to the instruction at trial, an appellate court will reverse a conviction and order
a new trial only where the instruction is clearly erroneous, meaning that the court is
firmly convinced of a real possibility that the jury would have rendered a different verdict
if the erroneous instruction had not been given.

6.
A jury instruction on the elements of a crime that is broader than the complaint is
erroneous and excusable only where the substantial rights of the defendant have not been
prejudiced by the error.

7.
Circumstantial evidence may support a conviction if the evidence provides a
sufficient basis from which a reasonable factfinder could infer the existence of the fact in
issue, even if the evidence does not exclude other reasonable inferences.

8.
An in-court identification of the defendant is not necessary if the evidence permits
an inference that the person on trial is the person who committed the charged offense or
offenses.

9.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides a personal right
of defense to a criminal defendant and, accordingly, protects a criminal defendant's
ability to represent himself or herself to the extent that the waiver of the competing right
to counsel is found to be knowing and intelligent.


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10.
There are instances where abuse of discretion standards are more accurately
characterized as questions of law requiring de novo review. An abuse of discretion
standard does not mean that a mistake of law cannot be corrected by an appellate court.
Rather, a district court necessarily abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.
Under the abuse of discretion standard, an appellate court reviews whether the district
court's discretion was guided by erroneous legal conclusions.

11.
A district court's discretion in denying a late request for self-representation
involves a balancing of the alleged prejudice to the defendant arising from the denial of
his or her request with the disruption of the proceedings, inconvenience and delay in the
proceedings, and juror confusion potentially arising if the request is granted.

12.
When considering a criminal defendant's motion for self-representation, a trial
court may consider the reasons for the motion for self-representation; the quality of
counsel's representation; the length and the stage of the proceedings; and the potential
disruption and delay which could be expected from granting the motion.

13.
A criminal defendant's lack of legal sophistication is not a valid ground for
denying the right to self-representation, even if the denial would be in the defendant's
best interests.

14.
An erroneous refusal to permit self-representation constitutes structural error.


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15.
Under the facts and circumstances of this appeal, it is held: (1) the defendant
failed to establish prejudice due to the omissions in the charging document; (2) the
defendant failed to establish the jury trial instruction was clearly erroneous; (3) the
evidence was sufficient to establish the identity of the defendant as the person who
committed the offenses; and (4) the record did not support the district court's refusal of
the defendant's request for self-representation and constituted structural error.

Appeal from Cowley District Court; RONALD D. INNES, judge. Opinion filed November 5, 2010.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.

Larry R. Schwartz, of Arkansas City, for appellant.

Tamara L. Niles, city attorney, for appellee.

Before RULON, C.J., GREENE, J., and KNUDSON, S.J.

KNUDSON, J.: John Sybrant appeals his convictions of driving under the influence
(DUI) of alcohol and failing to maintain a single lane of traffic, arguing that he was
convicted of an offense for which he had not been properly charged, that the district court
erred in instructing the jury on DUI, that the State presented insufficient evidence of
Sybrant's identity as the perpetrator of the charged crimes, and that the district court erred
in refusing to honor Sybrant's request for self-representation. We affirm in part, reverse in
part, and remand with directions to vacate Sybrant's convictions.

UNDERLYING CIRCUMSTANCES

On August 29, 2005, Lieutenant Mark McCaslin of the Arkansas City Police
Department arrested Sybrant for DUI. A blood test revealed that the alcohol
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concentration in Sybrant's blood exceeded the legal limit of .08 at the time he had been
driving.

The City charged Sybrant with DUI and failing to maintain a single traffic lane.
Sybrant entered a nolo contendere plea to both counts. He was sentenced by the
municipal court to 180 days in jail but required to serve only 5 days, followed by a 12-
month term of supervised probation. The court imposed a fine of $1,000 for the DUI
conviction and a $60 fine for the failure to maintain a single traffic lane conviction.

Sybrant filed a timely appeal to the district court, requesting a de novo jury trial.
Following trial, the jury convicted Sybrant of DUI and failure to maintain a single traffic
lane. The district court denied Sybrant's motion to set aside the verdicts and his motion
for new trial and affirmed the sentences imposed by the municipal court. Sybrant then
filed this appeal.

Was Sybrant convicted of a crime for which he was not properly charged?

Sybrant contends his conviction for DUI must be reversed and vacated because, in
granting Sybrant's motion for judgment of acquittal on the State's theory of DUI based
upon the alcohol concentration in Sybrant's breath or blood, the district court dismissed
the only DUI count charged in the City's amended complaint.

The complaint or information is the jurisdictional instrument upon which a
defendant is brought to trial; it must allege the essential elements of the charged offenses.
Carmichael v. State, 255 Kan. 10, 12, 872 P.2d 240 (1994). "'An information is the only
vehicle by which a court obtains its jurisdiction, and is a limit upon that jurisdiction.
Therefore, where the information charges no crime, the court lacks jurisdiction to try the
accused.'" 255 Kan. at 13 (quoting 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law § 157, p. 188). Furthermore,
if a crime is not specifically stated in the complaint or information or is not a lesser
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included offense of the crime charged, the district court lacks jurisdiction to convict a
criminal defendant of the crime. State v. Gonzales, 289 Kan. 351, 367, 212 P.3d 215
(2009).

In this case, the City relied upon the municipal court complaint in Sybrant's appeal
to the district court. See City of Wichita v. Maddox, 271 Kan. 445, 454, 24 P.3d 71 (2001)
("[A] district court hearing an appeal from a municipal court does not have to rearraign
the accused person on any of the charges and may properly hold the trial on the basis of
the municipal court complaint [if it is not required to be amended as allowed by K.S.A.
22-3610(a)]."). The City's amended municipal court complaint, with respect to the DUI
charge, provided:

"1. That on or about the 29th day of August, 2005, the Accused Person John
Sybrant, did, within the City Limits of the City of Arkansas City, Cowley County,
Kansas, then and there unlawfully commit the offenses of:
"(Count 1) Driving Under the Influence of Intoxicating Liquor or Drugs—
Second Offense, in violation of Arkansas City Municipal Code Standard Traffic
Ordinance Article 6, Section 30, when the Accused Person operated a motor vehicle in
this city while the alcohol concentration in the person's blood or breath was in excess of
the legal limit."

Clearly, the complaint alleged the commission of DUI by operation of a motor
vehicle while the alcohol concentration in Sybrant's blood was in excess of .08, but the
complaint omits the language of the city ordinance that mirrors state law and permits an
alternative charge of DUI to be based on a driver's inability to operate a motor vehicle
safely. Therefore, although not precisely framed, Sybrant's appellate argument essentially
challenges his conviction on the basis of a defective complaint. Appellate review of an
allegedly deficient complaint is unlimited. State v. Reyna, 290 Kan. 666, 675, 234 P.3d
761 (2010).

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In response, the City contends that any specificity with respect to the particular
subsection of DUI in the complaint is irrelevant because such specificity in pleading is
not required in municipal court complaints. Citing State v. Boyle, 21 Kan. App. 2d 944,
947, 913 P.2d 617 (1996), the City contends that the amended complaint was adequate
because it alleged the offense of conviction.

Boyle involved a municipal court conviction based upon a written citation for DUI
that complied with the requirements of K.S.A. 8-2106(b). Noting that K.S.A. 12-4205a
specifically allows prosecution of certain misdemeanor traffic offenses upon a citation
that complies with K.S.A. 8-2106(b), the Boyle court rejected the defendant's argument
that additional specificity was required. 21 Kan. App. 2d at 947.

Contrary to the City's position, the complaint issued in the present case did not
contain all of the information required by K.S.A. 8-2106(b). There is no information
regarding the type of vehicle, the registration number of the vehicle, or any other
information that is less relevant to the facts of this particular case. It is unnecessary to
decide in this case whether information within the traffic citation may supplement a
municipal court complaint because a traffic citation was not included in the record on
appeal and, therefore, this court must presume that the facts do not support a finding that
the traffic citation, if it exists, would supplement the complaint. See Porter v. State, 37
Kan. App. 2d 220, 222, 152 P.3d 89, rev. denied 284 Kan. 946 (2007) (citing Kansas
Supreme Court Rule 6.02[d] [2006 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 36]).

In Boyle, this court acknowledged that municipal court complaints issued for
nontraffic offenses must comply with K.S.A. 22-3201. 21 Kan. App. 2d at 947 (citing
State v. Shofler, 9 Kan. App. 2d 696, 697-98, 687 P.2d 29 [1984]). Similarly, there is no
apparent reason that a municipal court complaint that does not reflect the requirements of
a traffic citation and/or incorporate by reference a valid traffic citation should avoid the
requirements of K.S.A. 22-3201.
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K.S.A. 22-3201 provides in pertinent part:

"(b) The complaint, information or indictment shall be a plain and concise
written statement of the essential facts constituting the crime charged, which complaint,
information or indictment, drawn in the language of the statute, shall be deemed
sufficient. . . . The complaint, information or indictment shall state for each count the
official or customary citation of the statute, rule and regulation or other provision of law
which the defendant is alleged to have violated. Error in the citation or its omission shall
not be ground for dismissal of the complaint, information or indictment or for reversal of
a conviction if the error or omission did not prejudice the defendant.
"(c) When relevant, the complaint, information or indictment shall also allege
facts sufficient to constitute a crime or specific crime subcategory in the crime
seriousness scale."

The amended municipal court complaint at issue in this case substantially
complies with the requirements of K.S.A. 22-3201(b) and (c) and validly charges DUI
based upon Sybrant's alcohol-concentration level. The district court clearly possessed
jurisdiction to try Sybrant for this offense. The question presented by Sybrant in this
appeal is whether the district court also possessed jurisdiction to try and convict Sybrant
for DUI based upon his inability to operate a motor vehicle safely.

The proper avenue for challenging a defective complaint is a motion for arrest of
judgment pursuant to K.S.A. 22-3502, which provides:

"The court on motion of a defendant shall arrest judgment if the complaint,
information or indictment does not charge a crime or if the court was without jurisdiction
of the crime charged. The motion for arrest of judgment shall be made within 10 days
after the verdict or finding of guilty, or after a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, or within
such further time as the court may fix during the 10-day period." (Emphasis added.)

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Sybrant did not file a motion for arrest of judgment but raises his challenge to the
defective complaint for the first time on appeal. Accordingly, this court applies the
standard of review set forth in State v. Hall, 246 Kan. 728, 765, 793 P.2d 737 (1990),
overruled in part on other grounds Ferguson v. State, 276 Kan. 428, 78 P.3d 40 (2003);
see Reyna, 290 Kan. at 677. The Hall standard requires the aggrieved criminal defendant
to establish prejudice in one of three ways: (1) The defective complaint has impaired the
defendant's ability to prepare a defense; (2) the complaint would prevent the defendant
from raising a double jeopardy defense in a subsequent prosecution; or (3) the complaint
limited, in any manner, the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. Reyna, 290 Kan.
at 678.

Sybrant fails to allege any specific prejudice arising from the defective complaint,
and an independent review of the record reveals no prejudice sufficient to mandate
reversal of Sybrant's conviction for DUI. Throughout the district court proceedings, the
City maintained that Sybrant was incapable of operating his vehicle safely due to the
influence of alcohol. The City forwarded this theory in its proposed jury instructions and
in its opening statements. When the district court introduced the case to the potential
jurors, the court noted that the City was proceeding under alternate theories of DUI.
Sybrant never objected to the City's theory that he was influenced by alcohol to a point
that rendered him incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely, and the record provides
no indication that Sybrant was surprised or confused by this theory of DUI.

Sybrant's defense consisted of denying Lieutenant McCaslin's allegations
regarding Sybrant's conduct on the date in question and providing a rational, legal
explanation for his slow speed and weaving within his lane of traffic. In view of the
defense presented, it is difficult to perceive how Sybrant's defense was impaired by the
complaint's failure to include the operational alternative of DUI or how the defect in the
complaint affected Sybrant's ability to obtain a fair trial in any respect.

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Additionally, Sybrant's conviction of DUI for the alternate theory of DUI provides
no real possibility that the City or State could subject Sybrant to further prosecution for
the same crime arising out of the same facts. Therefore, Sybrant's double jeopardy
defense remains intact.

Because Sybrant cannot establish any prejudice under the Hall standard, the
defects in the City's amended municipal court complaint do not demand reversal of
Sybrant's conviction for DUI.

Was the jury instruction on DUI clearly erroneous?

Sybrant contends the district court erred in its DUI elements instruction to the jury.
Sybrant acknowledges that he did not object to the instruction at trial.

When a criminal defendant challenges a jury instruction on appeal without
objecting to the instruction at trial, an appellate court will reverse a conviction and order
a new trial only where the instruction is clearly erroneous, meaning that the court is
firmly convinced of a real possibility that the jury would have rendered a different verdict
if the erroneous instruction had not been given. State v. Trautloff, 289 Kan. 793, 802, 217
P.3d 15 (2009); see K.S.A. 22-3414(3).

The jury instruction on DUI validly presented the elements of the offense under a
theory that Sybrant was incapable of safely operating his vehicle on the date in question.
Sybrant's only objection to the instruction is that it does not reflect the charged alternative
of the offense, which is essentially a repetition of his first argument in this appeal.

In Trautloff, the Kansas Supreme Court found clearly erroneous a jury instruction
that expanded the narrow scope of sexual exploitation of a child charged in the
information. The court noted that a jury instruction on the elements of a crime that is
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broader than the complaint is erroneous and excusable only where the substantial rights
of the defendant have not been prejudiced by the error. Finding that the broader scope of
the jury instruction permitted the jury to find conduct that was not charged in the
complaint to support a conviction, the Trautloff court concluded that the defendant's
substantial rights had been prejudiced by the instruction. 289 Kan. at 802-03.

Similarly, in State v. Wade, 284 Kan. 527, 161 P.3d 704 (2007), the State had
charged the defendant with aggravated burglary without alleging the intended felony
upon which the charge was predicated, but the State had cured this defect by advising the
court and defense that it intended to rely upon first-degree premeditated murder as the
underlying felony. At trial, however, the jury was instructed that the underlying felony
could be premeditated murder or aggravated assault based upon the defendant's
testimony.

On appeal, the Kansas Supreme Court concluded that the broader jury instruction
prejudiced the defendant because the State had proceeded on the theory that Wade
intended to commit premeditated murder throughout its case-in-chief and only presented
the alternate theory after Wade testified and essentially admitted to aggravated assault.
Wade, 284 Kan. at 537.

The present case is distinguishable from both Trautloff and Wade. Although
Trautloff did not explicitly state the reason that the defendant was prejudiced by the jury's
ability to rely on conduct other than that charged in the information, it is clear that the
prejudice lay in Trautloff's lack of notice of the conduct against which he was expected to
defend himself. This prejudice was specifically articulated in Wade. See 284 Kan. at 536
("Where the State falters is in its assessment of the surprise and misdirection created by
its erroneous instruction.").

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In contrast, as related in the previous discussion, the State presented its alternative
theories of DUI throughout the district court proceedings. Sybrant's presentation of his
defense or decision to testify could not have been influenced by the City's complaint that
omitted the operational theory of the offense. Sybrant can demonstrate no surprise or
confusion caused by the jury instruction on DUI provided in this case. Consequently, the
jury instruction does not mandate reversal of Sybrant's DUI conviction.

Does the record contain sufficient evidence of Sybrant's identity to support the
convictions?

Sybrant next challenges the sufficiency of the City's evidence regarding the
identity of Sybrant as the person who committed the charged DUI. When the sufficiency
of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, the appellate court must review the
record in a light most favorable to the State and determine whether a rational factfinder
could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused had committed the
crime that is being challenged. Trautloff, 289 Kan. at 800.

Circumstantial evidence may support a conviction if the evidence provides a
sufficient basis from which a reasonable factfinder could infer the existence of the fact in
issue, even if the evidence does not exclude other reasonable inferences. State v. Scaife,
286 Kan. 614, 618, 186 P.3d 755 (2008). An in-court identification of the defendant is
not necessary if the evidence permits an inference that the person on trial is the person
who committed the charged offense or offenses. In re B.A.M., 24 Kan. App. 2d 402, Syl.
¶ 1, 945 P.2d 420, rev. denied 263 Kan. 886 (1997).

In presenting the case to the jury, the district court identified the defendant as
Sybrant. During the City's direct examination, it asked Lieutenant McCaslin whether he
had contacted Sybrant on August 26, 2005, and McCaslin affirmed that he had contacted
Sybrant. McCaslin then proceeded to relate the events leading to the traffic stop and
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citations for DUI and failure to maintain a single traffic lane. When asked whether he was
able to identify the driver of the vehicle, McCaslin stated that the driver was Sybrant.
Based upon this testimony alone, the State presented sufficient evidence from which a
jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the person on trial was the person
who had committed the charged offenses.

In addition, however, Sybrant confirmed his identity as the driver of the vehicle
stopped by McCaslin when he testified. Sybrant admitted that he was pulled over by
McCaslin and that he told McCaslin that he had been drinking. With this additional
evidence, there is no question regarding Sybrant's identity as the perpetrator of the
charged offenses.

Did the district court err in refusing to honor Sybrant's request to represent himself at
trial?

Sybrant also challenges the district court's refusal to allow Sybrant to represent
himself at trial. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides a
personal right of defense to a criminal defendant and, accordingly, protects a criminal
defendant's ability to represent himself or herself to the extent that the waiver of the
competing right to counsel is found to be knowing and intelligent. See Faretta v.
California, 422 U.S. 806, 95 S. Ct. 2525, 45 L. Ed. 2d 562 (1975). However, the Faretta
Court noted that the right of self-representation is not a license to disrupt the
administration of justice. 422 U.S. at 835 n.46.

In the appeal before us, the defendant contends our standard of review of the
district court's decision is de novo. Conversely, the State argues our standard of review is
abuse of discretion. We submit, based on the issue before us, that to label the standard of
review merely produces a distinction without a legal difference. In State v. Moore, 287
Kan. 121, 194 P.3d 18 (2008), the Kansas Supreme Court explained that sometimes,
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abuse of discretion standards are more accurately characterized as questions of law
requiring de novo review. An abuse of discretion standard does not mean that a mistake
of law cannot be corrected by an appellate court. Rather, a district court necessarily
abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law. Under the abuse of discretion
standard, an appellate court reviews whether the district court's discretion was guided by
erroneous legal conclusions. 287 Kan. at 135. Consequently, we turn to the issue of
whether the district court made an error of law when it denied Sybrant's request for self-
representation made on the morning of trial.

Sybrant did not file a written motion requesting self-representation but raised the
request through his court-appointed attorney on the day of trial, with the jury pool
summoned and jury selection to begin momentarily. Upon hearing Sybrant's request, the
district court appropriately warned Sybrant of the dangers attending self-representation,
including Sybrant's lack of familiarity with the rules of criminal procedure, his lack of
understanding about witness examination, and doubt about Sybrant's legal sophistication
to enable Sybrant to adequately prepare and object to jury instructions. Acknowledging
his legal ignorance, Sybrant steadfastly insisted that he wished to represent himself, at
least to the extent that he could cross-examine the City's witnesses.

Sybrant provided two reasons for wanting to represent himself: (1) He did not
want to pay an attorney, and (2) he did not believe that his attorney could adequately
prepare for trial. The district court addressed these concerns by noting that Sybrant would
have an attorney even if he proceeded pro se because the court would require his court-
appointed attorney to assist Sybrant in his defense and by rejecting Sybrant's claim that
his attorney was not prepared for trial and assuring Sybrant that he could request time to
confer with his attorney throughout the case as necessary. The court then denied
Sybrant's request to represent himself.

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Following the trial, Sybrant filed a motion for new trial, premised in part upon the
district court's refusal to permit Sybrant to represent himself. In denying the motion, the
district court emphasized the untimely nature of Sybrant's request for self-representation
and noted that Sybrant's concerns with appointed counsel were adequately allayed by the
district court.

In response to the timeliness aspect of the district court's ruling, Sybrant relies on
State v. Vann, 280 Kan. 782, 786-89, 127 P.3d 307 (2006), and State v. Lowe, 18 Kan.
App. 2d 72, 74-75, 847 P.2d 1334 (1993), for the proposition that a request for self-
representation on the day of trial does not constitute a basis for denying the request.
However, as the State notes, neither Vann nor Lowe address the timeliness of the request
for self-representation.

In State v. Cuddy, 22 Kan. App. 2d 605, 609-10, 921 P.2d 219 (1996), this court
did directly consider the timeliness issue. In doing so Judge Rulon (now Chief Judge)
distinguished Lowe and reviewed opinions from other jurisdictions on the question of the
timeliness of a request for self-representation, ultimately adopting a balancing test.

"When considering a criminal defendant's motion for self-representation, a trial
court may consider the reasons for the motion for self-representation; the quality of
counsel's representation; the length and the stage of the proceedings; and the potential
disruption and delay which could be expected from granting the motion." 22 Kan. App.
2d at 610 (citing People v. Hall, 87 Cal. App. 3d 125, 132, 150 Cal. Rptr. 628 [1978]).

While factually distinguishable, State v. Cromwell, 253 Kan. 495, 505, 856 P.2d
1299 (1993), has articulated a similar balancing test, emphasizing that the district court's
discretion in denying a late request for self-representation involves a balancing of the
alleged prejudice to the defendant arising from the denial of his or her request with the
disruption of the proceedings, inconvenience and delay in the proceedings, and juror
confusion potentially arising if the request is granted.
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The district court in the present case clearly considered Sybrant's reasons for
requesting self-representation, i.e., the financial repercussions of legally trained
representation, the preparedness of Sybrant's appointed counsel, and Sybrant's desire to
conduct cross-examination of the City's witnesses. However, the court did not
specifically address the remaining considerations articulated by Cromwell or Cuddy.
Consequently, the record does not reflect that granting Sybrant's request for self-
representation on the day of trial would have delayed the trial proceedings or caused any
greater disruption to the proceedings than normally attends pro se litigation. Moreover,
there is no reason to believe that the jury would have been confused by the change in
representation since a jury had not yet been empanelled.

Contrary to the apparent reasoning of the district court, a criminal defendant's lack
of legal sophistication is not a valid ground for denying the right to self-representation,
even if the denial would be in the defendant's best interests. See State v. Jones, 290 Kan.
373, 378, 228 P.3d 394 (2010) (citing Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 399-400, 125 L.
Ed. 2d 321, 113 S. Ct. 2680 [1993]). The critical inquiry is whether the criminal
defendant's decision to proceed pro se and waive the right to counsel is knowing and
intelligent. See Jones, 290 Kan. at 378. The district court did not conduct an appropriate
inquiry into Sybrant's decision or appropriately balance the applicable considerations
regarding the timeliness of Sybrant's request. Consequently, the record does not support
the district court's refusal to allow Sybrant to proceed pro se, and the case should be
reversed and remanded for a new trial. See Jones, 290 Kan. at 382-83 (finding structural
error in the district court's erroneous refusal to permit the defendant to represent himself).






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CONCLUSION

Although we have affirmed several of the issues raised, because there was
structural error in the district court's refusal to permit the defendant to represent himself,
we reverse and remand with directions that the convictions are to be vacated and a new
trial granted.