Clawson v. Kansas Dept. of Agriculture

1
No. 108,426

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

MARY CLAWSON, Trustee,
and
CLAWSON LAND PARTNERSHIP,
Appellees/Cross-appellants,

v.

STATE OF KANSAS, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES,
Appellant/Cross-appellee.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
Under K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-724, final orders of the Kansas Department of
Agriculture, Division of Water Resources are reviewed under the Kansas Judicial Review
Act, K.S.A. 77-601 et seq. Pursuant to K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(c), a court reviewing
an administrative action shall grant relief only if it determines that the agency violated
one or more of the provisions listed therein.

2.
On appeal, an appellate court exercises the same statutorily limited review of an
agency's action as does the district court, as though the appeal had been made directly to
the appellate court.

3.
The party asserting that an agency's action is invalid bears the burden of proving
the invalidity.

2
4.
An agency's interpretation of a statute is not accorded any significant deference on
judicial review; therefore, whether an agency has exceeded its statutory authority requires
the court to interpret the statutes establishing the agency. In this case, the chief engineer's
authority is governed by the Kansas Water Appropriation Act, K.S.A. 82a-701 et seq.

5.
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(c)(7) has always provided that appellate courts review
an agency's factual findings to ensure substantial evidence supports them "in light of the
record as a whole." However, as amended, K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(d) now defines "in
light of the record as a whole" to include evidence that both supports and detracts from an
agency's finding. Thus, appellate courts must determine whether the evidence supporting
the agency's factual findings is substantial when considered in light of all the evidence.
Substantial evidence is such evidence as a reasonable person might accept as being
sufficient to support a conclusion.

6.
The appropriation doctrine is based upon the premise that all unused water belongs
to all of the people of the state. The first person to divert water from any source and use it
for beneficial purposes has a prior right thereto. In other words, first in time, first in right.
This doctrine is said to reward development by giving the early appropriator the fruits of
his or her industry. The rule gives greater certainty of rights while affording a more
flexible administration of the law and encourages free enterprise by protecting a
developer's investment. It discourages waste of a valuable resource and distributes the
resource in response to demonstrated need.

7.
K.S.A. 82a-706 grants the chief engineer of the Kansas Department of
Agriculture's Division of Water Resources the authority to enforce and administer the
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laws of this state pertaining to the beneficial use of water, and the chief engineer shall
control, conserve, regulate, allot, and aid in the distribution of the water resources of this
state for the benefit and beneficial uses of all of its in habitants in accordance with the
rights of priority of appropriation.

8.
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-711 provides that an application for a water appropriation
made in good faith and in proper form must be approved by the chief engineer, provided
the application does not impair an existing water right or prejudicially and unreasonably
affect the public interest.

9.
Once perfected, water rights are considered real property. However, a water right
does not constitute ownership of the water itself; it is only a usufruct, a right to use water.
Other than for domestic use, the Kansas Water Appropriation Act eliminates the notion
that a landowner has absolute title to water in contiguous streams or underground; it
bases water rights upon the time of use and the actual application of water for beneficial
uses. A landowner cannot simply own water without using it.

10.
It is a well-established rule of law that Kansas administrative agencies have no
common-law powers. Any authority claimed by an agency or board must be conferred in
the authorizing statutes either expressly or by clear implication from the express powers
granted. Where an agency has no specific statutory authority to retain jurisdiction, it has
no ability to reconsider or modify its final orders.

11.
An agency's final order is generally considered to be an action which determines
the legal rights and duties of the parties. A final order terminates the litigation on the
4
merits and leaves nothing to be done except to enforce the result. It should be more than a
procedural ruling, and finality should be interpreted in a pragmatic way.

12.
A nonfinal agency action is to be considered preliminary, preparatory, procedural,
or intermediate with regard to subsequent agency action. An order cannot be final if the
matter is still under active consideration by the agency tribunal. However, the fact that
ministerial tasks remain to be done does not establish that the matter is still under active
consideration and does not render a final agency decision nonfinal.

13.
The chief engineer cannot retain jurisdiction on a water right appropriation by
merely declaring it. Language in the water appropriation permit granting the chief
engineer continuing jurisdiction has no force and effect.

14.
The chief engineer does not retain jurisdiction to modify a final order during the
water appropriation perfection period. The chief engineer's ability to modify the water
appropriation permit based on the applicant's actual beneficial use of water is merely
enforcement of the final order consistent with the Kansas Water Appropriation Act and
constitutes a ministerial act only. Once a water appropriation permit has been issued, the
chief engineer is no longer actively considering whether such permit is in the public
interest.

15.
The chief engineer does not have the statutory power to retain jurisdiction to
reduce the approved rate of diversion or quantity of the water rights authorized to be
perfected once the Kansas Department of Agriculture issues a final order granting a water
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appropriation permit. The Kansas Water Appropriation Act does not authorize the chief
engineer to reevaluate and reconsider an approval once a permit has been issued.

16.
Under K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(c), a court reviewing an administrative agency's
action may grant relief if it determines that the agency, among other things, has acted
beyond the jurisdiction conferred by law, has erroneously interpreted or applied the law,
or has acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or capriciously. An action is unreasonable when it
is taken without regard to the benefit or harm to all interested parties.

17.
The chief engineer has broad statutory authority to impose a monitoring plan and
require any water user to install meters, gages, or other measuring devices, including
electronic rate loggers.

18.
There is an insufficient record before this court to determine whether the chief
engineer's monitoring plan is unreasonable in the present case.

Appeal from Meade District Court; E. LEIGH HOOD, judge. Opinion filed December 20, 2013.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.

Burke W. Griggs, of Division of Water Resources, Kansas Department of Agriculture, for
appellant/cross-appellee.

David M. Traster, of Foulston Siefkin LLP, of Wichita, for appellees/cross-appellants.

Aaron Popelka and Myndee M. Reed, for amicus curiae The Kansas Livestock Association.

Before LEBEN, P.J., MCANANY and POWELL, JJ.
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POWELL, J.: In this appeal, we are called upon to answer the question of what
limits exist on the exercise of state agency power by the chief engineer of the Kansas
Department of Agriculture's Division of Water Resources (DWR) when the regulated
activity involves a precious and increasingly scarce resource—water. Mary Clawson and
the Clawson Land Partnership (Clawson) obtained 10 approvals and permits from the
chief engineer of the DWR to appropriate water. Under the terms and conditions of the
water appropriation permits, the chief engineer imposed a specific monitoring plan and
retained jurisdiction to reduce the approved rates of diversion and the quantities of the
water rights authorized to be perfected as may be deemed in the public interest. After
exhausting administrative remedies, Clawson challenged these terms and conditions in
the district court of Meade County. The district court upheld the requirements of the
specified monitoring plan but found the chief engineer could not retain jurisdiction to
reduce the rates of diversion and the quantities of the water rights authorized to be
perfected after the issuance of the permits.

The DWR appeals the district court's finding that the chief engineer cannot retain
jurisdiction to make reductions in the approved rates of diversion and the quantities of the
water rights authorized to be perfected. Clawson cross-appeals, contending the
monitoring plan, which requires Clawson to install electronic rate loggers, is unduly
burdensome and oppressive. We agree with the district court that the chief engineer
cannot retain jurisdiction once the Kansas Department of Agriculture issues a final order
and that the chief engineer's monitoring plan is within his statutory authority, but we also
find that there is insufficient evidence in the record to determine whether the monitoring
plan is unreasonable; therefore, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with
instructions.

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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On September 20, 2002, Clawson applied to the DWR's chief engineer for two
new appropriations of groundwater in Meade County, which were assigned file Nos. 45-
250 and 45-251. On January 14, 2003, Clawson applied to the chief engineer for eight
new appropriations of groundwater in Meade County, which were assigned file Nos. 45-
403, 45-404, 45-405, 45-406, 45-407, 45-408, 45-409, and 45-410. While Kansas law
requires a decision on applications within 150 days, nearly 1 1/2 years passed before all
10 applications were dismissed by the chief engineer on May 26, 2004. The chief
engineer concluded that the additional water permits would impair existing water rights.
Clawson requested a hearing on the dismissals, over which Chief Engineer David Pope
presided in August 2005.

Nearly 2 years passed after the hearing without a decision. Pope then retired on
June 16, 2007. David Barfield succeeded Pope as the DWR's chief engineer and assumed
the role of hearing officer. After another roughly 2-year wait, on May 8, 2009, Barfield
finally issued an order reopening the Clawson record because there was not enough
information to determine whether the pumping of groundwater would impair senior water
right holders.

On May 26, 2009, Clawson filed a motion seeking reconsideration or
administrative review of Barfield's order by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary
granted administrative review on June 9, 2009. The parties submitted briefs, and on July
10, 2009, the Secretary issued an order directing the chief engineer "to approve the
applications and issue the permits within sixty (60) days in accordance with applicable
statutes and regulations."

Thereafter, on August 27, 2009, the chief engineer issued Clawson's 10 permits
with the following terms, conditions, and limitations:
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 The chief engineer imposed a monitoring plan requiring electronic rate
loggers that record the pumping rate every 30 minutes throughout the
irrigation season. The chief engineer also reserved authority to review,
modify, and expand the required monitoring plan as necessary and to
impose additional conditions, including reductions in the authorized rate
and quantity, or suspension of the authority to divert water.
 The chief engineer reduced the amount of acre-feet that Clawson requested
in the application from 2.0 to 1.8 acre-feet.
 The chief engineer retained jurisdiction "to make reasonable reductions in
the approved rate of diversion and quantity authorized to be perfected, and
such changes in other terms, conditions, and limitations set forth in this
approval as may be deemed to be in the public interest."
On September 11, 2009, Clawson requested an administrative review or hearing
before the chief engineer, which the Secretary denied on September 29, 2009. Following
the denial, Clawson filed a petition for judicial review on October 28, 2009, in the
District Court of Meade County. Clawson challenged the quantity of water allowed under
the permits, the monitoring plan, and the chief engineer's retention of jurisdiction.
On November 22, 2011, the district court held a hearing on Clawson's petition for
judicial review. On January 9, 2012, the district court issued its memorandum decision
which found the agency action valid in all aspects, including the monitoring plan, but
found the chief engineer could not retain jurisdiction.

On February 6, 2012, Clawson filed a motion to alter or amend, alleging the
district court failed to address "[w]hether unlawful impairment occurs when a junior
groundwater right impacts a hydraulically connected senior surface water right, but the
impact is not beyond a reasonable economic limit as required by K.S.A. 82a-711 and
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82a-711a." On March 16, 2012, the DWR filed a response to the motion to alter or
amend. Clawson filed a reply.

On May 21, 2012, the district court issued an order that agreed with Clawson:
"[N]o lawful impairment occurs unless a junior groundwater right impacts a senior water
right beyond a reasonable economic limit," but it found the question of whether "the
impact on senior water rights is not beyond a reasonable economic limit[ was] not ripe
for decision."

On February 13, 2012, the DWR filed a timely notice of appeal of the January 9,
2012, order. Later, on June 11, 2012, its notice of appeal was amended to include the
May 21, 2012, order. On June 11, 2012, Clawson filed a cross-appeal of the orders
entered on January 9, 2012, and May 21, 2012.
On July 22, 2013, The Kansas Livestock Association (KLA) filed an amicus
curiae brief.

ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

Under K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-724, final orders of the DWR are reviewed under
the Kansas Judicial Review Act (KJRA), K.S.A. 77-601 et seq. See Cochran v. Kansas
Dept. of Agriculture, 291 Kan. 898, 907, 249 P.3d 434 (2011). Pursuant to K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 77-621(c), a court reviewing an administrative action shall grant relief only if it
determines that the agency violated one or more of the provisions listed in K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 77-621(c)(1)-(8). "On appeal, we exercise the same statutorily limited review of
the agency's action as does the district court, i.e., '"as though the appeal had been made
directly to this court."' [Citation omitted.] The party asserting the agency's action is
10
invalid bears the burden of proving the invalidity." Hawley v. Kansas Dept. of
Agriculture, 281 Kan. 603, 611, 132 P.3d 870 (2006) (quoting Blue Cross & Blue Shield
of Kansas, Inc. v. Praeger, 276 Kan. 232, 245, 75 P.3d 226 [2003]); see K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 77-621(a)(1).

With regard to questions of law, traditionally Kansas courts have given deference
to an agency's interpretation of a statute if there was a rational basis for it. Fieser v.
Kansas Bd. of Healing Arts, 281 Kan. 268, 270, 130 P.3d 555 (2006). However, in Ft.
Hays St. Univ. v. University Ch., Am. Ass’n of Univ. Profs, 290 Kan. 446, 457, 228 P.3d
403 (2010), our Supreme Court declared that an agency's statutory interpretation "is not
afforded any significant deference on judicial review." Therefore, "'[w]hether an agency
has exceeded its statutory authority requires interpretation of the statutes establishing the
agency.'" Ryser v. State, 295 Kan. 452, 464, 284 P.3d 337 (2012). In this case, the
agency's statutory authority is governed by the Kansas Water Appropriation Act
(KWAA), K.S.A. 82a-701 et seq. Specifically, this case involves interpretation of K.S.A.
2012 Supp. 82a-711(a) and K.S.A. 82a-706c. This court interprets the KWAA de novo
just as it does all other statutes. See 295 Kan. at 457.

Accordingly,

"[w]e first attempt to ascertain legislative intent by reading the plain language of
the statutes and giving common words their ordinary meanings. [Citation omitted.] When
a statute is plain and unambiguous, we do not speculate as to the legislative intent behind
it and will not read into the statute something not readily found in it. But when the
statute's language or text is unclear or ambiguous, we 'employ canons of construction,
legislative history, or other background considerations to divine the legislature's intent
and construe the statute accordingly.' [Citations omitted.]" 295 Kan. at 458.

As to an agency's factual findings, K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(c)(7) has always
provided that appellate courts review an agency's factual findings to ensure substantial
11
evidence supports them "in light of the record as a whole." However, Kansas caselaw
limited this review by directing courts to look at the evidence in the light most favorable
to the agency's ruling. If the court found substantial evidence that would support the
agency's decisions, it was not to be concerned about other evidence that might have led to
a different result. See Graham v. Dokter Trucking Group, 284 Kan. 547, 553-54, 161
P.3d 695 (2007); Gutierrez v. Dold Foods, Inc., 40 Kan. App. 2d 1135, Syl. ¶ 4, 199 P.3d
798 (2009).

The KJRA was amended significantly in 2009. The savings clause of K.S.A. 77-
621(a)(2) prevented retroactive application of the 2009 amendments. Thus, the
amendments apply only to cases in which the agency action at issue occurred on or after
July 1, 2009. See Redd v. Kansas Truck Center, 291 Kan. 176, 182, 239 P.3d 66 (2010);
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(a)(2). The amendments apply in this case because the agency
action at issue—the issuance of the water permits—occurred on August 27, 2009.

As amended, K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(d) now defines "in light of the record as a
whole" to include evidence that both supports and detracts from an agency's finding.
Thus, appellate courts must determine whether the evidence supporting the agency's
factual findings is substantial when considered in light of all the evidence. Substantial
evidence is such evidence as a reasonable person might accept as being sufficient to
support a conclusion. Herrera-Gallegos v. H & H Delivery Service, Inc., 42 Kan. App. 2d
360, 362-63, 212 P.3d 239 (2009).

Background on Kansas Water Law

Before analyzing the statute and the parties' arguments, we think it helpful to give
some background on Kansas water law.

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"This country has followed two essentially different water law doctrines: The
common law or riparian doctrine and the appropriation doctrine. The common law
concept originated in areas with abundant water while the appropriation doctrine
developed in semi-arid areas.
. . . .
"The appropriation doctrine is based upon the premises that all unused water
belongs to all of the people of the state. The first person to divert water from any source
and use it for beneficial purposes has prior right thereto. In other words, first in time, first
in right. This doctrine is said to reward development by giving the early appropriator the
fruits of his industry. The rule gives greater certainty of rights while affording a more
flexible administration of the law and encourages free enterprise by protecting a
developer's investment. It discourages waste of a valuable resource and distributes the
resource in response to demonstrated need.
"Although Kansas adopted common-law rules relating to water rights when it
became a territory and later a state, the legislature sanctioned appropriation rights before
the turn of the century. [Citation omitted.] It was not until 1945 that Kansas adopted the
Water Appropriation Act of Kansas and provided an effective procedure for acquiring
water appropriation rights. [Citation omitted.]" F. Arthur Stone & Sons v. Gibson, 230
Kan. 224, 228-30, 630 P.2d 1164 (1981).

The KWAA grants the chief engineer of the DWR the authority to "enforce and
administer the laws of this state pertaining to the beneficial use of water and [the chief
engineer] shall control, conserve, regulate, allot and aid in the distribution of the water
resources of the state for the benefits and beneficial uses of all of its inhabitants in
accordance with the rights of priority of appropriation." K.S.A. 82a-706. Therefore, a
person seeking to appropriate water, other than for domestic use, must file an application
with the chief engineer. See K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-705, K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-708a,
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-709. The KWAA further provides that an application made in
good faith and in proper form must be approved by the chief engineer, provided the
application does not impair an existing water right or prejudicially and unreasonably
affect the public interest. K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-711.

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Once perfected, "[w]ater rights are considered real property." Cochran, 291 Kan.
at 902; see K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-701(g). However, "'a water right does not constitute
ownership of the water itself; it is only a usufruct, a right to use water.'" 291 Kan. at 902
(quoting Shipe v. Public Wholesale Water Supply Dist. No. 25, 289 Kan. 160, Syl. ¶ 6,
210 P.3d 105 [2009]); see K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-707(a). Moreover, the water right
remains subject to the principle of beneficial use. Hawley, 281 Kan. at 614. Other than
for domestic use, the KWAA eliminated the notion that a landowner had absolute title to
water in contiguous streams or underground; it based water rights upon the time of use
and the actual application of water for beneficial use. No longer could a landowner
simply own water without using it. Adequate administrative controls also ensured the
public interest was protected by preventing overdevelopment. Stone, 230 Kan. at 232;
Williams v. City of Wichita, 190 Kan. 317, 334, 374 P.2d 578 (1962). This doctrine of
water appropriation "has become a rule of property law relied upon by the entire state."
Stone, 230 Kan. at 233. The doctrine has provided stability for landowners, water right
holders, and the public. The importance of stability in property law has been recognized
by our Supreme Court:

"'In a well-ordered society it is important that people know what their legal rights are, not
only under constitutions and legislative enactments, but also as defined by judicial
precedent, and having conducted their affairs in reliance thereon, ought not to have their
rights swept away by judicial decree. And this is especially so where rights of property
are involved. . . . And it should be left to the legislature to make any change in the law,
except perhaps in a most unusual exigency.'" 230 Kan. at 233 (quoting Freeman v.
Stewart, 2 Utah 2d 319, 322, 273 P.2d 174 [1954]).

It is with this background in mind that we proceed to the two main questions
before us.

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DOES THE CHIEF ENGINEER HAVE AUTHORITY TO RETAIN JURISDICTION
TO REDUCE THE APPROVED RATE OF DIVERSION
OR THE QUANTITY OF THE WATER RIGHTS AUTHORIZED TO BE PERFECTED
AFTER THE ISSUANCE OF A WATER APPROPRIATION PERMIT?

The first question we must answer is whether the chief engineer, upon issuing a
water appropriation permit and after the Secretary of Agriculture has approved the permit
through the issuance of a final order, has the authority to retain jurisdiction to make
reasonable reductions in the approved rate and quantity of water to be diverted and to
make other changes to the approved water appropriation that are deemed to be in the
public interest. The chief engineer included the following language in the water permits
issued to Clawson:

"25. That the Chief Engineer specifically retains jurisdiction in this matter with
authority to make such reasonable reductions in the approved rate of diversion and
quantity authorized to be perfected, and such changes in other terms, conditions, and
limitations set forth in this approval and permit to proceed as may be deemed in the
public interest."

On appeal, Clawson and the KLA argue that this language is meaningless. Once
the chief engineer issues a permit and the applicant begins perfection of the water right, a
cognizable property right is created. Because of the substantial investment required to
perfect water rights and the importance of water rights to their holders, the rights should
be determined with finality.

In defense of this language, the DWR argues that is it consistent with the statutory
authority given by the KWAA to the chief engineer "to impose conditions and to modify
rights as necessary to protect both prior rights and the public interest," citing K.S.A. 82a-
706, K.S.A. 82a-706b, K.S.A. 82a-706c, and K.S.A. 82a-712. The DWR divides the
language into two clauses: the first dealing with modification of the water to be diverted
and the second dealing with modifications to the permit as necessary for the protection of
15
the public interest. The DWR argues that the first clause is limited to the perfection
period and is lawfully consistent with the KWAA. It further argues that the second clause
is lawful because it is consistent with the KWAA's mandate that the chief engineer
protect the public interest.

Analysis

It is a well-established rule of law that Kansas administrative agencies have no
common-law powers. "Any authority claimed by an agency or board must be conferred in
the authorizing statutes either expressly or by clear implication from the express powers
granted." Ft. Hays St. Univ., 290 Kan. at 455. Our Supreme Court declared:

"The following is stated in 42 Am. Jur., Public Administrative Law, § 174, pp.
535, 536 and 537:
'[I]t is often held that administrative tribunals, in the absence of statute, have no
power to reconsider, grant a rehearing on, or set aside, their final determinations. The
power of administrative authorities to reconsider or modify their own determinations may
exist by reason of express provision of statute, or its existence may be inferred from a
statutory provision. Lacking this, whether the power exists depends upon an
interpretation of the entire statute and policy applicable to the particular administrative
agency. Administrative determinations are subject to reconsideration and change where
they have not passed beyond the control of the administrative authorities, as where the
determinations are not final, but interlocutory, or where the powers and jurisdiction of the
administrative authorities are continuing in nature . . . .'" Warburton v. Warkentin, 185
Kan. 468, 475, 345 P.2d 992 (1959).

Our court has specifically held that where an agency has no specific statutory
authority to retain jurisdiction, it has no ability to reconsider or modify its final orders
once the time for seeking judicial review has passed. See Johnson v. Kansas Dept. of
Revenue, 29 Kan. App. 2d 455, 459, 27 P.3d 943 (2001); see also In re Petition of City of
Shawnee for Annexation of Land, 236 Kan. 1, 15, 687 P.2d 603 (1984) (administrative
16
board acting in a quasi-judicial capacity loses the jurisdiction to reconsider or change its
prior ruling during pendency of the appeal).

The KJRA allows for judicial review of any "final agency action." K.S.A. 77-607.
"Final agency action" is defined as "the whole or a part of any agency action other than
nonfinal agency action." K.S.A. 77-607(b)(1). An agency's final order is generally
considered to be "an action which determines the legal rights and duties of the parties."
Guss v. Fort Hays State Univ., 38 Kan. App. 2d 912, 916, 173 P.3d 1159 (2008). A "'final
order' . . . terminates the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing to be done except to
enforce the result. [Citation omitted.] In an administrative setting, a final order needs to
be more than a mere procedural ruling, and 'finality' should be interpreted in a pragmatic
way." Kansas Energy Group v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 30 Kan. App. 2d 57, 60, 40
P.3d 310, rev. denied 274 Kan. 1113 (2002); Kansas Pipeline Partnership v. Kansas
Corporation Comm'n, 22 Kan. App. 2d 410, 418, 916 P.2d 76, rev. denied 260 Kan. 994
(1996). Conversely, a nonfinal agency action is to be considered "preliminary,
preparatory, procedural or intermediate with regard to subsequent agency action." K.S.A.
77-607(b)(2). "An order cannot be final if the matter is still under 'active consideration'
by the tribunal." Guss, 38 Kan. App. 2d at 917 (citing Bruns v. Kansas State Bd. of
Technical Professions, 19 Kan. App. 2d 83, 85, 864 P.2d 1212 [1993], aff'd 225 Kan.
728, 877 P.2d 391 [1994]). "However, the fact that ministerial tasks remain to be done
does not establish that the matter is still under active consideration and does not render a
final agency decision nonfinal." Sprint Communications Co. v. Kansas Corporation
Comm'n, 45 Kan. App. 2d 460, 464-65, 249 P.3d 1210 (2011).

In our case, the DWR does not contest that its order granting the water
appropriations was a final order—in fact, the order itself states it is a final order.
Therefore, we deem the DWR's order as a "final agency action" as provided by the
KJRA. However, the DWR asserts that the chief engineer still retains jurisdiction to
modify the water appropriations during the perfection period to protect senior water right
17
holders and to protect the public interest. As the KJRA and Kansas Administrative
Procedure Act (KAPA, K.S.A. 77-501 et seq.) do not confer continuing jurisdiction upon
the chief engineer, we look to the KWAA to see if continuing jurisdiction is granted
there. See Johnson, 29 Kan. App. 2d at 457 (KJRA does not allow for reconsideration of
agency decisions prior to judicial review); K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-1901(b) (provision of
KAPA, K.S.A. 77-529, allowing party to seek reconsideration of final order not
applicable to KWAA).

As an initial matter, we dispense with any argument that the mere language in the
permits grants the chief engineer continuing jurisdiction. Clawson argues that the chief
engineer cannot retain jurisdiction by merely declaring it. We agree; the KWAA must
grant this jurisdiction to the chief engineer. See State, ex rel., v. Railway Co., 108 Kan.
847, 850-51, 197 Pac. 192 (1921) (administrative agencies do not have power to retain
jurisdiction by merely declaring it).

Second, we also reject the notion that the chief engineer retains jurisdiction to
modify an order during the water rights perfection period. We view this as more akin to
the chief engineer merely enforcing an order consistent with KWAA and nothing more
than a ministerial act. See Guss, 38 Kan. App. 2d at 917 (ministerial acts remaining do
not establish matter as one still under active consideration); Noonan v. Noonan, 127 Kan.
287, 289, 273 Pac. 409 (1929) (court has inherent power to enforce its judgment, but
power cannot be enlarged by mere recital that jurisdiction is retained).

In Guss, a part-time professor sought judicial review of the university's appeals
committee decision terminating him. The university attempted to claim that the university
president's letter informing the professor of the university's final decision was not a final
order because the issue of sick pay had not been resolved. However, our court held that
because there was no dispute as to whether the professor was owed sick pay and how
much sick leave the professor had accrued, "[t]he fact that there remained to be done the
18
ministerial tasks of doing the mathematical calculation and issuing a check [did] not
establish that the matter was still under active consideration." 38 Kan. App. 2d at 917.

Under the KWAA, approval of an application permits the applicant "to proceed
with the construction of the proposed diversion works and to proceed with all steps
necessary for the application of the water to the approved and proposed beneficial use
and otherwise perfect his or her proposed appropriation." K.S.A. 82a-712. The
regulations define "perfect" as

"actions taken by a water user to develop an approval of application into a water right.
These actions shall consist of the completion of the diversion works and the actual
application of water to the authorized beneficial use in accordance with the terms,
conditions, and limitations of the approval of application." K.A.R. 5-1-1(zz).

The chief engineer also sets a time limit in which to perfect the proposed appropriation.
K.S.A. 82a-713; K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-714(c)(3).

An applicant may request additional time to perfect a proposed appropriation, but
"[f]ailure to request an extension of time to perfect . . . within the time allowed shall limit
the water appropriation right to the extent perfected in accordance with the terms,
conditions, and limitations set forth in the approval of application." K.A.R. 5-3-7. If the
applicant fails to perfect the appropriation within the allotted time, the permit will be
dismissed, and the priority date will be forfeited. K.A.R. 5-3-6; K.A.R. 5-8-6(e).

Once an applicant notifies the chief engineer that construction is complete and the
water has been applied to the proposed beneficial use, the chief engineer has the statutory
duty to inspect to make sure the appropriation has been perfected in conformity with the
approved application. K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-714(a). Upon perfection, the quantity of the
water rights perfected and the rate of diversion shall not exceed the amount set forth in
19
the permit. The amount perfected is an amount of water "found to have been actually
applied to the approved beneficial use." K.A.R. 5-3-8. If the applicant diverts less water
than what the permit allows, the applicant will have perfected his water right to the
amount actually diverted.

The significance of the perfection period is that any modification of the water right
is dependent upon the actions of the applicant, not the chief engineer. The chief
engineer's only role is to monitor and inspect to ensure that the appropriation has been
perfected in conformity with the approved application. This is akin to enforcement, and,
like in Guss, the chief engineer's supervisory role strikes us as ministerial in nature. The
chief engineer is no longer engaging in active consideration of the water appropriation
request but is merely enforcing the conditions of the water permit consistent with the
KWAA's provisions on perfection of a water right.

Finally, we address the DWR's claim that the chief engineer retains jurisdiction to
protect senior water rights and the public interest. The DWR contends that Wheatland
Electric Cooperative v. Polanksy, 46 Kan. App. 2d 746, 265 P.3d 1194 (2011), rev.
denied 297 Kan. ___ (May 20, 2013), controls the disposition of this case. Specifically,
the DWR argues that Wheatland affirmed the chief engineer's authority to impose
conditions upon a water right as he or she deems necessary to protect the public interest
and to protect existing water rights. Conversely, while Clawson and the KLA recognize
that "the Chief Engineer may approve an application for a smaller amount of water than
requested and approve an application upon such terms, conditions, and limitations as he
or she shall deem necessary for the protection of the public interest," they argue the chief
engineer does not have the statutory power to retain jurisdiction to reduce the approved
rate of diversion or quantity of the water rights authorized to be perfected. We agree with
Clawson and the KLA.

20
In the Wheatland case, Wheatland applied to change its water right, including the
type of use—from irrigation to municipal—and the place of use—from Wheatland to
Garden City. The chief engineer approved Wheatland's requested changes but reduced the
water usage from 840 acre-feet a year to 91 acre-feet a year. Wheatland sought review,
but the Secretary of Agriculture declined. Wheatland then petitioned the district court for
review. The district court concluded that the chief engineer could limit Wheatland's right
when changing the right's use but reversed and remanded to the agency to recalculate the
limitation based on the place of use, not the parcel Wheatland owned. Upon remand, the
chief engineer initiated abandonment proceedings and concluded that Wheatland partially
abandoned 196 nonirrigable acres. The Secretary of Agriculture again declined to review,
so Wheatland once again petitioned the district court for review. The district court
concluded that partial abandonment was not permitted by statute but found the chief
engineer could limit the water right's usage. Wheatland and the DWR appealed.

On appeal, our court noted that when a change-of-use application has been made,
the chief engineer acts upon it using the same statutory provisions as applied to new
applications, as such provisions give the chief engineer the authority to approve an
application for a smaller amount than requested and to otherwise act in the public
interest. 46 Kan. App. 2d at 752-53. The panel reviewed Attorney General Opinion No.
95-92, where "the attorney general concluded that the chief engineer's regulations
authorizing the reduction of the amount of water that could be used as a condition to the
approval of a change-of-use application were within the chief engineer's statutory
authority." 46 Kan. App. 2d at 754. Our court agreed and concluded the chief engineer
could limit consumptive use when approving a change-of-use application, 46 Kan. App.
2d at 755, but the KWAA does not allow partial abandonment of water rights. See 46
Kan. App. 2d at 761-63.

While Wheatland reaffirms the chief engineer's statutory authority under K.S.A.
82a-712 to impose such terms, conditions, and limitations as he or she shall deem
21
necessary for the protection of the public interest when determining whether an
application is appropriate, it does not control the disposition of this case. The issue in
Wheatland was whether the chief engineer could limit consumptive use of water when
considering a change-of-use application, not whether the chief engineer has statutory
authority to retain jurisdiction to limit or reduce water rights on a subsequent date. See
also Hawley v. Kansas Dept. of Agriculture, 281 Kan. 603, 607, 132 P.3d 870 (2003)
(chief engineer initiated new proceedings to declare water rights abandoned by serving
holder of water rights and issuing notice of hearing); Frick Farm Properties v. Kansas
Dept. of Agriculture, 289 Kan. 690, 216 P.3d 170 (2009) (new proceedings initiated to
declare water right abandoned by providing notice of hearing to water right holder);
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-718(a) (declaration of abandonment of water right requires chief
engineer to serve notice of hearing upon user at least 30 days prior to hearing).

The view that the chief engineer does not retain jurisdiction is bolstered by the
language found in K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-1901(b), which states that final orders of the
DWR are not subject to reconsideration, and by the factors the chief engineer must take
into account when considering whether to grant a water appropriation permit under
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-711(b), which states:

"(b) In ascertaining whether a proposed use will prejudicially and
unreasonably affect the public interest, the chief engineer shall take into consideration:
(1) Established minimum desirable streamflow requirements;
(2) the area, safe yield and recharge rate of the appropriate water supply;
(3) the priority of existing claims of all persons to use the water of the
appropriate water supply;
(4) the amount of each claim to use water from the appropriate water supply;
and
(5) all other matters pertaining to such question."

22
The statute specifically requires the chief engineer to consider senior water rights
and the public interest prior to granting a water right. In fact, once the chief engineer
finds that "a proposed use neither impairs a use under an existing water right nor
prejudicially and unreasonably affects the public interest, the chief engineer shall approve
all applications for such use made in good faith . . . ." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 82a-711(a).

Parenthetically, we surmise the genesis of the chief engineer's desire to retain
jurisdiction over Clawson's water permits is the chief engineer's disagreement with the
Secretary of Agriculture's order directing him to approve the water appropriation
applications in the first instance. When the chief engineer approved Clawson's
applications for water appropriation rights, he stated:

"According to the [Secretary's] Order, [K.S.A. 82a-711(a)] requires DWR to approve the
application if there is not a finding of impairment; because there was not a finding of
impairment, the Order required the approval of these applications. . . . Given [the chief
engineer's] statutory duty to protect prior appropriation rights, the Division remains
fundamentally concerned that water diverted pursuant to this application may impair
prior rights in the event of water shortage."

The KWAA grants the Secretary of Agriculture the authority to review the chief
engineer's orders or the chief engineer's failure to act upon water appropriation
applications. K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-1901. The record suggests that the Secretary
mandated approval of Clawson's applications due to the undisputed fact that no finding
had been made that the approval of those applications would impair prior water rights
even after the applications had been under review for years. While the chief engineer may
be rightfully concerned that Clawson's use will impair existing water users, the KWAA
does not give the chief engineer carte blanche authority to alter water appropriations. For
example, the chief engineer may only suspend use under a water right for the failure to
comply with the KWAA under K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 82a-770; but the chief engineer cannot
23
alter a water right permanently, except in cases of abandonment under K.S.A. 2012 Supp.
82a-718 or when a water user submits a change-of-use application under K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 82a-708b.

In sum, the KWAA does not authorize the chief engineer to reevaluate and
reconsider an approval once a permit has been issued. Clawson would have to invest
significant amounts of money to reperfect the existing water rights. If the chief engineer
could reduce the rate of diversion and the quantity of the water rights authorized to be
perfected, the permit would be meaningless. We affirm the district court's rejection of the
chief engineer's retention of jurisdiction.

DOES THE CHIEF ENGINEER HAVE AUTHORITY TO INCLUDE A MONITORING PLAN
WHEN APPROVING AND ISSUING WATER APPROPRIATION PERMITS?

In her cross-appeal, Clawson argues that the chief engineer disregarded the
Secretary's order by imposing a "draconian monitoring plan that is nothing less than an
end-run around the Secretary's Order and an effective denial of the Permit." Clawson
recognizes that the chief engineer has statutory authority to impose a monitoring plan but
contends "no reasonable person would incur approximately $2,000,000 to drill and equip
ten irrigation wells and the other requirements of the Monitoring Plan when the Chief
Engineer has made it clear that he intends to shut the wells down and revoke the
Permits." Clawson essentially argues that the chief engineer acted beyond his jurisdiction,
misinterpreted or misapplied the law, and acted otherwise arbitrarily and unreasonably
when he imposed the monitoring plan.

In response, the DWR argues that this court does not need to address the validity
of the monitoring plan because the district court upheld the monitoring plan. The DWR
contends that this "court must accept all evidence and inferences that support or tend to
support the findings of the trial court as true and must disregard all conflicting evidence."
24

The Monitoring Plan Is Within the Chief Engineer's Statutory Authority.

As previously stated, a court reviewing an administrative action may grant relief if
it determines that the agency violated one or more of the provisions listed in K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 77-621(c)(1)-(8). As Kansas administrative agencies have no common-law powers,
"any authority claimed by an agency or board must be conferred in the authorizing
statutes either expressly or by clear implication from the express powers granted." Ft.
Hays St. Univ. v. University Ch., Am. Ass'n of Univ. Profs, 290 Kan. 446, 455, 228 P.3d
403 (2010).

The chief engineer imposed a monitoring plan that required Clawson to equip each
of the flowmeters with an

"electronic rate logger whose data can be downloaded by the Kansas Department of
Agriculture to monitor and log the pumping rate and time of use of the well. Each water
meter with electronic rate logger shall be set to record the pumping rate in gallons per
minute every 30 minutes on the hour and half hour throughout each irrigation season."

Upon review, the district court found that while the statute "does not mention
electronic log recorders nor monitoring wells . . . , a plain reading of the statute would
appear to allow these items. A monitoring well(s) [sic] is a type of measuring device to
determine water levels. Electronic log readers are merely devices that make reading a
meter or gauge easier."

This dispute involves interpretation of K.S.A. 82a-706c, which governs meters,
gages, and other measuring devices:

"The chief engineer shall have full authority to require any water user to install
meters, gages, or other measuring devices, which devices he or she or his or her agents
25
may read at any time, and to require any water user to report the reading of such meters,
gages, or other measuring devices at reasonable intervals. He or she shall have full
authority to make, and to require any water user to make, periodic water waste and water
quality checks and to require the user making such checks to report the findings thereof."
(Emphasis added.)

The KWAA does not define "full authority." Examining the definition of each
word individually, "full" is defined as "lacking restraint or check" and "completely
occupied." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 919 (1993). "Authority" is
defined as "a citation (as from a book) used in defense or support of one's actions,
opinions, or beliefs" and "delegated power over others." Webster's Third New
International Dictionary 146 (1993). When read together, the chief engineer has broad
power "to require any water user to install meters, gages, or other measuring devices."
K.S.A. 82a-706c. Although K.S.A. 82a-706c does not mention electronic rate loggers,
given the chief engineer's power to require measuring devices, the statute implicitly
authorizes electronic rate loggers, which are measuring devices. We agree with the
district court that the chief engineer acted within his statutory authority by imposing a
monitoring plan, which included electronic rate loggers, on Clawson's permits.

The Record Is Insufficient to Determine Whether the Chief Engineer's Monitoring Plan
Is Unreasonable.

Clawson does not only challenge the chief engineer's legal authority to impose the
monitoring plan but also challenges its burdensome nature and claims the monitoring
plan effectively eviscerates the ability to appropriate water for beneficial use as provided
by the permits. Clawson claims the monitoring plan is "draconian" and "an effective
denial of the Permit." Moreover, Clawson claims "no reasonable person would incur
approximately $2,000,000 to drill and equip ten irrigation wells and the other
requirements of the Monitoring Plan when the Chief Engineer has made it clear that he
26
intends to shut the wells down and revoke the Permits." Unfortunately, the district court's
order glosses over this objection.

Clawson's objection to the burdensome nature of the monitoring plan is grounded
in K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(c)(8), which invalidates an agency action which is
"otherwise unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious." Our Supreme Court has held that "an
action is unreasonable when it is taken without regard to the benefit or harm to all
interested parties or is without foundation in fact, and that an action is arbitrary and
capricious if it is unreasonable or lacks any factual basis." Wheatland, 46 Kan. App. 2d at
757 (citing Sunflower Racing, Inc. v. Board of Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 256 Kan.
426, 431, 885 P.2d 1233 [1994]).

Because of the unusual way the water appropriation permits were granted, there
was no record developed as to the reasonableness of the chief engineer's monitoring plan.
The Secretary simply ordered that the applications be approved under conditions set by
the chief engineer. The chief engineer approved the applications, with some
modifications to the amount of water to be appropriated, then added the extensive
monitoring requirements to which Clawson now objects. Clawson objected to the
Secretary, who simply approved the chief engineer's order. The district court on appeal
only addressed the legal ability of the chief engineer to impose such monitoring—the
legal authority we have just addressed above—but did not examine whether the
monitoring plan was reasonable under the facts of the present case. If there is a sufficient
factual basis for Clawson's claim that the monitoring plan imposed by the chief engineer
is "draconian" and amounts to an "effective denial of the Permit," then such a monitoring
plan may be unreasonable.

Since Clawson has the burden to show the chief engineer's monitoring plan is
unreasonable, Clawson should be given the opportunity to present evidence on this point.
As this has not happened, we must remand this sole question back to the district court
27
with instructions that it remand the matter to the DWR for an evidentiary hearing to
determine the reasonableness of the chief engineer's monitoring plan in light of our
opinion.

The district court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.