State v. Britt

1

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

No. 103,727

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

CHRISTOPHER D. BRITT,
Appellant.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT


1.
Issues of statutory interpretation and construction, including issues of whether a
statute creates alternative means of committing a crime, raise questions of law reviewable
de novo on appeal.

2.
In determining whether the legislature intended a statute to include alternative
means, a court must determine for each statute what the legislature's use of a disjunctive
"or" is intended to accomplish. Is it to list alternative distinct, material elements of a
crime—that is, the necessary mens rea, actus reus, and, in some statutes, a causation
element? Or is it to merely describe a material element or a factual circumstance that
would prove the crime? The listing of alternative distinct, material elements, when
incorporated into an elements instruction, creates an alternative means issue demanding
super-sufficiency of the evidence. But merely describing a material element or a factual
circumstance that would prove the crime does not create alternative means, even if the
description is included in a jury instruction.

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3.
The legislature typically signals its intent to state alternative means through
structure, separating alternatives into distinct subsections of the same statute. However,
the legislature may also list additional alternatives or options within a single alternative
means of committing the crime. But options within a means do not constitute alternative
means themselves if they do not state additional and distinct ways of committing the
crime, that is, if they do not require proof of at least one additional and distinct material
element.

4.
The actus reus of aggravated criminal sodomy under K.S.A. 21-3506(a)(1) is the
defendant's act of sodomy with a child who is under 14 years of age. K.S.A. 21-3501(2)
creates three alternative means of committing sodomy: (1) oral contact; (2) anal
penetration; and (3) sexual acts involving an animal.

5.
Within the first alternative means of committing aggravated criminal sodomy
under K.S.A. 21-3501(2)—oral contact—there are various factual circumstances that
would prove the crime, i.e., oral contact with or oral penetration of the female genitalia or
oral contact with the male genitalia.

6.
K.S.A. 21-3504(a)(3)(A) describes aggravated indecent liberties with a child as
any lewd fondling or touching of either a child who is under 14 years of age or the
offender "done or submitted to with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of
either the child or the offender, or both." The phrase "either the child or the offender, or
both" does not state a material element of the crime but merely describes a secondary
matter, the potential yet incidental objects of the offender's required intent. Thus, the
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phrase outlines options within a means and describes factual circumstances that may
prove the distinct, material mental state element of the crime.

7.
"Sexual intercourse" as an element of the crime of rape is defined by K.S.A. 21-
3501(1) as "any penetration of the female sex organ by a finger, the male sex organ or
any object."

8.
The actus reus of the element of sexual intercourse in the rape statute is
"penetration." The alternative methods of penetrating the female sex organ set forth in the
statute—by a finger, the male sex organ, and/or an object—merely describe "the factual
circumstances in which a material element may be proven," i.e., the different ways in
which penetration may occur.

9.
Appellate courts apply a two-step review to claims of prosecutorial misconduct.
First, the court determines whether the prosecutor's comments were outside the wide
latitude allowed in discussing the evidence. If so, the court then examines whether those
comments prejudiced the jury against the defendant and denied the defendant a fair trial.
This second step requires determining whether: (1) the misconduct was gross and
flagrant; (2) the misconduct showed ill will on the prosecutor's part; and (3) the evidence
was of such a direct and overwhelming nature that the misconduct would likely have had
little weight in the minds of jurors.

10.
The third factor of the second step of the prosecutorial misconduct test may
not override the first two factors unless the State proves beyond a reasonable
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doubt that the error complained of did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of
the entire record.

11.
A prosecutor's indifference to a court's rulings, mocking of a defendant, or
repeated acts of misconduct are evidence of ill will and the lack of such conduct
shows a lack of ill will.

12.
In determining whether a sentence is cruel or unusual under § 9 of the
Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights, a district court must make both legal and
factual inquiries. These inquiries invoke a bifurcated standard of review: without
reweighing the evidence, the appellate court reviews the factual underpinnings of
the district court's findings under a substantial competent evidence standard, and
the district court's ultimate legal conclusion drawn from those facts is reviewed de
novo.

13.
A statute is presumed constitutional and all doubts must be resolved in
favor of its validity. If there is any reasonable way to construe a statute as
constitutionally valid, the court has the authority and the duty to do so.

Appeal from Johnson District Court; JAMES FRANKLIN DAVIS, judge. Opinion filed November 2,
2012. Convictions affirmed and sentence affirmed in part and vacated in part.

Lydia Krebs, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the brief for
appellant.

Steven J. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Stephen M. Howe, district
attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on the brief for appellee.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by

MORITZ, J.: Christopher D. Britt appeals his Jessica's Law convictions for rape,
aggravated sodomy, and aggravated indecent liberties. He contends all three convictions
must be reversed because the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of guilt on
each of the alternative means for committing the crime on which the jury was instructed.
Applying State v. Brown, 295 Kan. ___, Syl. ¶ 7, 284 P.3d 977, (No. 103,842 filed
August 24, 2012), we conclude none of the complained of jury instructions included
alternative means. Britt also argues that three separate statements by the prosecutor
constitute misconduct. While we conclude one of the complained of statements was
improper, we find the error is not reversible.

Britt also raises a constitutional challenge to his life sentence, arguing it violates §
9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights. Applying the three-part test of State v.
Freeman, 273 Kan. 362, 367, 574 P.2d 950 (1978), we conclude Britt's sentence does not
violate our constitution. Finally, we agree that the district court erred in imposing lifetime
postrelease. We affirm Britt's convictions but vacate the imposition of lifetime
postrelease supervision.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On July 16, 2006, D.B. married Christopher Britt. Around December 12, 2006,
D.B., her two children, and Britt moved to Overland Park, Kansas from Kansas City,
Missouri. In March of 2007, Britt apparently was unemployed and took over household
duties while D.B. worked.

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On December 31, 2007, D.B. and Britt had a domestic dispute. During the dispute
Britt threatened to kill D.B. and slammed a car door on her leg. Britt was charged with
and eventually pled guilty to criminal threat, domestic battery, and misdemeanor assault.

In early January 2008, while Britt was in jail on domestic dispute charges, D.B.'s
9-year-old daughter, A.C., disclosed to her mother that Britt tried to kiss her and rub her
genitals. A.C. gave her mother a piece of paper on which she had written that Britt made
her "suck his middle part." D.B. took her daughter for a sexual assault examination and
later a "safe talk" interview at Sunflower House on January 7, 2008.

Jennifer Coughlin, a forensics interviewer, conducted the Sunflower House
interview. During the interview, A.C. stated that Britt touched the inside of her middle
part approximately 6 to 10 times; placed his middle part in her middle part approximately
20 times, and made her suck his middle part approximately 30 times. Occasionally, A.C.
would elect to write out her answers to Coughlin's questions. Her written answers were
admitted into evidence at trial. Some of A.C.'s most graphic statements were made in
writing, e.g., Britt made her "suck his middle part" and it was "nasty stuff that I don't
want to taste." A.C. also wrote that during the forced fellatio "[Britt's] body [was]
jumping like [a] grasshopper."

The State charged Britt with rape, aggravated criminal sodomy, and aggravated
indecent liberties with a child. At trial, A.C., now 11 years old, testified that Britt touched
the inside and outside of her middle part, made her suck his middle part, and kissed her
breasts and mouth. A.C. stated that Britt's penis never penetrated her vagina. But she
stated that Britt rubbed his penis "on the outside, on the edge" of her "private part."

Stephanie Strout conducted A.C.'s sexual assault examination which revealed no
signs of trauma or healed trauma. But Strout testified that the hymen usually heals within
72 hours of trauma, leaving no sign of the prior trauma. Because A.C.'s sexual assault
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examination was completed more than 72 hours after the last alleged assault, Strout
opined that the lack of trauma was not probative of whether an assault occurred. Britt's
expert witness, Dr. William Logan, reviewed the examination report and largely agreed
with Strout. He concluded that the examination "[d]oesn't prove anything one way or the
other, standing alone."

Britt testified and denied that any abuse occurred. The jury returned a guilty
verdict on all charges.

The rape instruction required the jury to find that Britt was over the age of 18. But
no age element was included in the instructions for the two other charged crimes.
Consequently, at sentencing the State asked the court to sentence Britt to the grid for the
nonrape counts under this court's reasoning in State v. Bello, 289 Kan. 191, 211 P.3d 139
(2009). The district court obliged and imposed consecutive sentences of life with a
mandatory minimum sentence of 618 months for the Jessica's Law rape charge, and grid
sentences of 123 months and 61 months for the sodomy and aggravated indecent liberties
charges, respectively. At the time of his sentencing, Britt's criminal history score was a B.
Therefore, under K.S.A. 21-4643(a)(2)(B), Britt's mandatory minimum sentence was
between 554 and 618 months. Britt timely appealed.

ALTERNATIVE MEANS

Britt raises alternative means challenges to his aggravated sodomy, aggravated
indecent liberties, and rape convictions. "Issues of statutory interpretation and
construction, including issues of whether a statute creates alternative means, raise
questions of law reviewable de novo on appeal." Brown, 295 Kan. ___, Syl. ¶ 6.

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Aggravated Sodomy

Britt argues his aggravated sodomy conviction must be reversed because the
evidence was insufficient to support a finding of guilt on each of the alternative means
for committing the crime on which the jury was instructed.

We recently analyzed and developed a framework for considering sufficiency of
the evidence claims when the defendant asserts the evidence of alternative means was
insufficient to establish each alternative means. Brown, 295 Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 992-
93. In Brown, we noted that in past decisions we have applied a "super-sufficiency"
requirement for evidence in alternative means cases. Under that analysis, when a single
criminal offense may be committed by alternative means, jury unanimity is not required
as to the means by which the crime was committed as long as substantial evidence
supports each alternative means set out in the jury instructions. If the evidence is
insufficient on one or more of the means on which the jury has been instructed, the
conviction must be reversed. Brown, 295 Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 993.

But in Brown, we recognized a preliminary step to be applied before considering
the super-sufficiency requirement. That preliminary step requires that we identify
whether the criminal statute supporting the charged crime is an alternative means statute.
295 Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 991-92. To make that determination, we first consider
whether an "or" separates alternative means or separates "options within a means." 295
Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 992. Only if that language is ambiguous do we rely on
legislative history or background considerations that speak to legislative purpose, or
apply canons of statutory construction. See 295 Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 992; Double M
Constr. v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 288 Kan. 268, 271-72, 202 P.3d 7 (2009). We
held in Brown:

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"In examining legislative intent, a court must determine for each statute what the
legislature's use of a disjunctive 'or' is intended to accomplish. Is it to list alternative
distinct, material elements of a crime—that is, the necessary mens rea, actus reus, and, in
some statutes, a causation element? Or is it to merely describe a material element or a
factual circumstance that would prove the crime? The listing of alternative distinct,
material elements, when incorporated into an elements instruction, creates an alternative
means issue demanding super-sufficiency of the evidence. But merely describing a
material element or a factual circumstance that would prove the crime does not create
alternative means, even if the description is included in a jury instruction." 295 Kan. at
___, 284 P.3d at 988.

As we explained in Brown, the legislature typically signals its intent to state
alternative means through structure, separating alternatives into distinct subsections of
the same statute. However, the legislature may also list additional alternatives or options
within a single means of committing the crime. These "options within a means" do not
constitute alternative means themselves if they do not state additional and distinct ways
of committing the crime, that is, if they do not require proof of at least one additional and
distinct material element. Brown, 295 Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 990.

Returning to the specifics of this appeal, Britt challenges his aggravated sodomy
conviction arguing the State presented insufficient evidence to demonstrate that he
engaged in oral contact with, or oral penetration of, A.C.'s female genitalia. Britt claims
the only evidence of sodomy the State presented was A.C.'s testimony that Britt forced
her to "suck" his "middle part." The State, without the benefit of this court's clarification
of alternative means in Brown, appears to concede that it failed to present evidence of
alternative means of committing aggravated sodomy, but argues the error was harmless.

Rather than accept this apparent concession, we will first apply the framework of
Brown to determine whether the criminal statute supporting the charged crime is an
alternative means statute.
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At the time of the offense, K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 21-3506(a) provided: "Aggravated
criminal sodomy is: (1) Sodomy with a child who is under 14 years of age." Britt
contends the definition of sodomy in K.S.A. 21-3501(2), states alternative means of
committing the crime of aggravated sodomy. That definition states: "'Sodomy' means oral
contact or oral penetration of the female genitalia or oral contact of the male genitalia;
anal penetration, however slight, of a male or female by any body part or object; or oral
or anal copulation or sexual intercourse between a person and an animal." Similarly, the
jury was instructed that for purposes of this case "sodomy means 'oral contact or oral
penetration of the female genitalia or oral contact of the male genitalia.'"

The actus reus of aggravated criminal sodomy under K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 21-
3506(a)(1) is the defendant's act of sodomy with a child who is under 14 years of age.
The definition of sodomy, K.S.A. 21-3501(2), creates three alternative means of
committing sodomy: (1) oral contact with male or female genitalia; (2) anal penetration
of a male or female; and (3) sexual acts between a person and an animal.

But the specific definition of oral contact used in the statute—"oral contact or oral
penetration of the female genitalia or oral contact of the male genitalia"—does not
contain alternative means. Instead, the definition refers to various types of oral contact of
either the male or female genitalia. While we note that the definition refers to both oral
"contact" and oral "penetration" of the female genitalia, since oral penetration of the
female genitalia would seemingly always involve oral contact with the female genitalia,
these terms are both encompassed within the definition of oral contact.

Thus, we conclude that within the first alternative means of committing
aggravated criminal sodomy under K.S.A. 21-3501(2)—oral contact—there are various
factual circumstances that prove the crime—i.e., oral contact with oral penetration of the
female genitalia or oral contact with the male genitalia. But these factual circumstances
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do not present alternative means of committing aggravated criminal sodomy, and we
conclude the State presented sufficient evidence of the crime by proving that Britt forced
A.C. to engage in oral contact with his genitalia.

Aggravated Indecent Liberties

Britt also challenges his conviction of aggravated indecent liberties claiming the
jury instructions presented alternative means as to this crime and the State failed to
present sufficient evidence of each means. The crime of aggravated indecent liberties is
set out at K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 21-3504(a)(3)(A) and defined as: "Any lewd fondling or
touching of the person of either the child or the offender, done or submitted to with the
intent to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the offender, or both."
The portion of the jury instruction at issue here instructed the jury that to establish the
charge of aggravated indecent liberties, it must find that "the defendant fondled or
touched the person of A.C. in a lewd manner, with intent to arouse or to satisfy the sexual
desires of either A.C. or the defendant, or both."

Britt argues K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 21-3504(a)(3)(A) requires the State to present
evidence that he acted with the intent to arouse or satisfy both his sexual desires and
A.C.'s sexual desires. He reasons that because the State presented no evidence that he
acted with the intent to arouse or satisfy A.C.'s sexual desires, the State necessarily failed
to present sufficient evidence of each of the alternative means upon which the district
court instructed the jury.

But Brown rejected this argument, and held that the phrase "either the child or the
offender, or both" under K.S.A. 21-3504(a)(3)(A) does not state a material element of the
crime but merely describes a secondary matter, the potential yet incidental objects of the
offender's required intent. 295 Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 992. Thus, the phrase outlines
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options within a means, and describes factual circumstances that may prove the distinct,
material mental state element of the crime.

Because the phrase "either the child, the offender, . . . or both" in K.S.A. 21-
3504(a)(3)(A) does not state material elements of the crime, but merely outlines options
within a means, the jury instruction reiterating these options did not include alternative
means of committing the charge of aggravated indecent liberties.

Rape

Britt also challenges his rape conviction, arguing the definition of this crime
contains alternative means of committing the crime and the State failed to present
sufficient evidence of those means.

"Sexual intercourse" as an element of the crime of rape is defined by K.S.A. 21-
3501(1) as "any penetration of the female sex organ by a finger, the male sex organ or
any object." In its instruction on the crime of rape, the jury was given this same definition
of the term "sexual intercourse."

Britt argues K.S.A. 21-3501(1) creates three alternative means of penetrating the
female sex organ: (1) by a finger; (2) by the male sex organ; and (3) by any object. Britt
acknowledges that the State presented at least some evidence to support the claim that he
penetrated A.C.'s vagina with his penis. However, Britt claims the State failed to present
evidence that he penetrated A.C.'s female sex organ with an object.

We address this challenge as we did Britt's first two alternative means challenges,
by examining the language of the relevant statute, K.S.A. 21-3501(1), and determining
whether alternatives within the statute define alternative means or "an option within a
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means." Again, we exercise de novo review over this question of law. Brown, 295 Kan. at
___, 284 P.3d at 988.

The actus reus of the sexual intercourse reference in the rape statute is
"penetration." The alternative methods of penetrating the female sex organ set forth in the
statute—by a finger, the male sex organ, and or an object—merely describe "the factual
circumstances in which a material element may be proven," i.e., the different ways in
which penetration may occur. Brown, 295 Kan. at ___, 284 P.3d at 990. Thus, these are
not alternative means, but options within a means and the inclusion of this language in
the jury instructions does not make this an alternative means case triggering concerns of
jury unanimity. As such, Britt is not entitled to reversal of his rape conviction. See State
v. Burns, 295 Kan. ___, ___ P.3d ___ (No. 103,088 filed October 26, 2012) (rejecting a
similar argument regarding the anal penetration required under K.S.A. 21-3501[2] for
aggravated criminal sodomy being perpetrated by [1] a body part or [2] an object).

PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

Britt next alleges three instances of prosecutorial misconduct. We apply the well
known two-step test to these claims. First, we consider whether the prosecutor's
comments were outside the wide latitude allowed in discussing the evidence. If so, we
next determine whether those comments prejudiced the jury against the defendant and
denied the defendant a fair trial. This second step requires determining whether: (1) the
misconduct was gross and flagrant; (2) the misconduct showed ill will on the prosecutor's
part; and (3) the evidence was of such a direct and overwhelming nature that the
misconduct would likely have had little weight in the minds of jurors. See State v.
Inkelaar, 293 Kan. 414, 427, 264 P.3d 81 (2011). The third factor of the second step of
the prosecutorial misconduct test may not override the first two factors unless the State
proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not affect the outcome
14

of the trial in light of the entire record. State v. Naputi, 293 Kan. 55, 58, 260 P.3d 86
(2011).

First Instance

First, Britt contends that in closing argument, the prosecutor improperly requested
the jury characterize A.C.'s testimony:

"I am asking you to assess the credibility of a nine-year-old girl, now 11, and its just that
simple. It's this simple. She's either telling you the truth, in which case she's a victim of a
horrible crime and he's guilty, or she's a lying, manipulative, conniving, creative,
vindictive, evil child, who's accused this man right here of the most heinous of crimes,
and he's innocent. It's one of the two. There are no shades of gray on this, folks. There is
no middle ground.

"And once you decide those things about [A.C.], either she experienced these
things and she's is a victim, or she's the most evil manipulating person you have ever
seen. Because, again, there is no middle ground."

Britt argues the prosecutor made a misstatement of logic by advising the jury that
in considering A.C.'s credibility, they must find one of two extreme alternatives: (1)
either A.C. was telling the truth because she was "a victim of a horrible crime," or (2)
A.C. was "a lying, manipulative, conniving, creative, vindictive, evil child."

Contrary to the prosecutor's argument, the jury was not presented with only two
extreme options in considering A.C.'s credibility. Instead, as Britt points out in his brief
on appeal, the jury was presented with several "shades of gray," in assessing A.C.'s
credibility:

"Perhaps, as defense counsel suggested, someone had 'manipulated' A.C. into
making the allegations. Perhaps A.C. believed she was telling the truth, when in reality,
15

none of the abuse had occurred. Perhaps A.C. had made the initial allegation that Mr.
Britt had 'tried to kiss her,' and that he 'was trying to rub on her genitals,' and, after
realizing how much attention she received for saying those things had occurred, she
began to embellish upon her story. She may have then become afraid that, if she admitted
to those embellishments, her mother (and others) would be angry at her. Perhaps some of
A.C.'s claims were true, meaning Mr. Britt was guilty of some of the crimes the State
alleged he had committed, but some of A.C.'s claims were false, making Mr. Britt not
guilty of some of the crimes the State alleged he had committed. Any of these scenarios
would constitute the type of 'grey area' or 'middle ground' the prosecutor, during his
closing argument, claimed did not exist."

We agree with Britt that the prosecutor clearly misstated the jury's options in
considering the credibility of the victim, and the prosecutor intended these misstatements
to improperly influence jurors to believe they had no choice other than to find the victim
entirely credible and convict Britt of all charges.

But while we find these statements outside the wide latitude given to prosecutors,
it was not reversible error. First, there was no showing of ill will by the prosecutor. See
State v. Miller, 284 Kan. 682, 719, 163 P.3d 267 (2007) ("'In past cases, we have noted a
prosecutor's indifference to a court's rulings, mocking of a defendant, or repeated acts of
misconduct are evidence of ill will and the lack of such conduct shows that there was no
ill will. [Citations omitted.]'"); State v. Washington, 275 Kan. 644, 672, 68 P.3d 134
(2003) (stating that a few comments in lengthy transcript do not show ill will).

When determining whether a prosecutor's conduct is gross and flagrant, we
consider whether the prosecutor "'repeated or emphasized the misconduct.'" State v.
Simmons, 292 Kan. 406, 418, 254 P.3d 97 (2011). Here, while the prosecutor repeated the
offending misstatement twice in his closing argument, the statements were not
emphasized and repeated throughout the entire argument. So while we disapprove of the
16

comments, we find that under the circumstances of this case, the prosecutor's statements
were not gross and flagrant.

Because we have found an absence of prejudice under the second prong of the test
for prosecutorial misconduct, we conclude the prosecutor's improper comments do not
require reversal.

Second Instance

Next, Britt argues that the prosecutor erred when he commented on the credibility
of Dr. Logan, Britt's expert witness. The prosecutor stated, "Dr. Logan is a paid defense
witness. Period. And all he told you were things that you are definitely smart enough to
look at the tape and see."

Here, because Dr. Logan testified that he was a paid witness, the prosecutor stated
a fact in evidence. In that sense, this case is distinguishable from State v. Sprung, 294
Kan. 300, 312, 277 P.3d 1100 (2012), where the prosecutor insinuated that paid witnesses
lie in order "to get [the defendant] off." Moreover, exposing a witness' bias or motive for
testifying is a proper subject for cross-examination. See State v. Jones, 273 Kan. 756,
783, 47 P.3d 783, cert. denied 537 U.S. 980 (2002). Thus, by extension, a prosecutor is
free to argue a witness' bias or motive to the jury if the evidence has established the facts.

For these reasons, we conclude the prosecutor's comments regarding Britt's expert
witness were not outside the wide latitude allowed the prosecutor, and we need not reach
the prejudice prong of the test.

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Third Instance

The prosecutor concluded his closing argument by stating: "Folks, I am confident
when you go back there, you put your heads together, you are going to apply some
common sense, and you are going to do the right thing, here, find him guilty." Britt
argues that with this remark, the prosecutor inappropriately injected his own personal
opinion of the defendant's guilt. Further, Britt contends that because the prosecutor
represents the State of Kansas, the prosecutor misled the jury into believing that the
prosecutor's opinion about the justness of his cause was validated by the State of Kansas.
See State v. Morris, 40 Kan. App. 2d 769, 787-88, 196 P.3d 422 (2008). The State
contends the prosecutor's remark was an appropriate request for justice.

In determining whether the prosecutor's statement was outside the wide latitude
given to prosecutors, we note that we have been critical of similar comments in which the
prosecutor requested justice on behalf of either the victim or the community. For
instance, in State v. Ruff, 252 Kan. 625, 636, 847 P.2d 1258 (1993), the prosecutor
improperly told the jury that it had a duty to send a message to the community and
convict the defendant. And in State v. Martinez, 290 Kan. 992, 1013-14, 236 P.3d 481
(2010), the prosecutor improperly asked the jury to return a guilty verdict in order to tell
a child rape victim that "'she did the right thing'" by reporting the crime.

In contrast, the prosecutor's statement to the jury "to do the right thing" in this case
is more aptly characterized as a general appeal for justice that was not explicitly tied to
the community or the victim. See, e.g. State v. Nguyen, 285 Kan. 418, 425, 172 P.3d 1165
(2007) (noting it is permissible for prosecutor to argue for justice in general, or "justice
for the citizenry of the State of Kansas"). Accordingly, we find this statement by the
prosecutor was not improper.

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CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SENTENCE

Britt contends his sentence violates the prohibition against infliction of cruel or
unusual punishment found in § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights. Recently, we
concluded that the hard 25 life sentence under Jessica's Law, K.S.A. 21-4643(a)(1)(C),
withstands § 9 constitutional scrutiny. See State v. Woodard, 294 Kan. 717, 724-25, 280
P.3d 203 (2012). In his Rule 6.09(b) letter, Britt asks this court to revisit that holding.

Standard of Review

In Woodard, 294 Kan. at 720, we reiterated the standard of review for § 9
constitutional challenges.

"In determining whether a sentence is cruel or unusual, a district court must make
both legal and factual inquiries. See, e.g., State v. Ortega-Cadelan, 287 Kan. 157, 160-
61, 194 P.3d 1195 (2008). These inquiries invoke a bifurcated standard of review:
without reweighing the evidence, the appellate court reviews the factual underpinnings of
the district court's findings under a substantial competent evidence standard, and the
district court's ultimate legal conclusion drawn from those facts is reviewed de novo.
State v. Gant, 288 Kan. 76, 80, 201 P.3d 673 (2009); State v. Woolverton, 284 Kan. 59,
70, 159 P.3d 985 (2007).

"A statute is presumed constitutional and all doubts must be resolved in favor of
its validity. If there is any reasonable way to construe a statute as constitutionally valid,
the court has the authority and the duty to do so. State v. Laturner, 289 Kan. 727, 735,
218 P.3d 23 (2009); see also State ex rel. Six v. Kansas Lottery, 286 Kan. 557, 562, 186
P.3d 183 (2008) ('It is not the duty of this court to criticize the legislature or to substitute
its view on economic or social policy; it is the duty of this court to safeguard the
constitution.')." State v. Woodard, 294 Kan. at 720.

19

The Freeman Test

In considering constitutional challenges under § 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill
of Rights, we apply the 3-part Freeman test:

"(1) The nature of the offense and the character of the offender should be
examined with particular regard to the degree of danger present to society; relevant to this
inquiry are the facts of the crime, the violent or nonviolent nature of the offense, the
extent of culpability for the injury resulting, and the penological purposes of the
prescribed punishment;

"(2) A comparison of the punishment with punishments imposed in this
jurisdiction for more serious offenses, and if among them are found more serious crimes
punished less severely than the offense in question the challenged penalty is to that extent
suspect; and

"(3) A comparison of the penalty with punishments in other jurisdictions for the
same offense." State v. Freeman, 223 Kan. 362, 367, 574 P.2d 950 (1978).

Under this test, no single factor controls. "'Ultimately, one consideration may
weigh so heavy that it directs the final conclusion,' but 'consideration should be given to
each prong of the test.'" Woodard, 294 Kan. at 723 (quoting State v. Ortega-Cadelan, 287
Kan. 157, 161, 194 P.3d 1195 [2008]).

At sentencing, Britt filed a motion for downward departure and requested that the
district court find K.S.A. 21-4643 unconstitutional under § 9 of the Kansas Constitution.
Although the district court considered the nature of the offense and compared Kansas'
Jessica's Law scheme with similar schemes in other states, the district court denied the
motion without expressly considering the second Freeman factor—comparison of
Jessica's Law sentences with sentences for more serious offenses.

20

The district court's failure to expressly consider the second prong implicates the
district court's legal conclusion but does not raise a preservation issue. See State v.
Gonzalez, 290 Kan. 747, 756, 234 P.3d 1 (2010) (district court abuses its discretion when
it fails to follow the law); State v. Ortega-Cadelan, 287 Kan. at 161 (district court should
give "consideration [ ] to each prong of the test"); Here, Britt presented his argument and
the district court denied the motion, loosely following the Freeman factors. Thus, Britt
preserved the issue, and we will consider his argument under Freeman.

The first Freeman factor requires this court to consider the nature of the offense
and the character of the offender. Here, Britt had a prior person felony sex offense from
Tennessee. While he apparently submitted a psychological report that indicated he was
not a pedophile, Britt's own criminal history indicated that he is a risk to reoffend. Like
Woodard, Britt "enjoyed a position of trust as the victim's stepfather." Woodard, 294
Kan. at 721. And also like Woodard, Britt's sexual abuse of his stepdaughter did not stop
until law enforcement intervened, i.e., when he was arrested for domestic abuse. While
the length of Britt's abuse of A.C. is unknown, the State proved multiple, reoccurring
instances of abuse. Under these circumstances, we conclude that as in Woodard, Britt's
argument under the first Freeman factor fails.

Next, we compare the Jessica's Law sentencing scheme with sentences for more
serious Kansas offenses. In Woodard, we held that at least one part of the Jessica's Law
sentencing scheme, the hard 25 life sentence under K.S.A. 21-4643(a)(1)(C), survived § 9
scrutiny under this factor. 294 Kan. at 724-26. Here, however, Britt was sentenced under
K.S.A. 21-4643(a)(2)(B). In his 6.09(b) letter, Britt argues this distinction gives this court
a basis to distinguish Woodard. We disagree. K.S.A. 21-4643(a)(2)(B) provides:

"The provision of paragraph (1) requiring a mandatory minimum term of
imprisonment of not less than 25 years shall not apply if the court finds:
. . . .
21

(B) the defendant, because of the defendant's criminal history classification, is
subject to presumptive imprisonment pursuant to the sentencing guidelines grid
for nondrug crimes and the sentencing range exceeds 300 months. In such case,
the defendant is required to serve a mandatory minimum term equal to the
sentence established pursuant to the sentencing range."

This distinction seems largely irrelevant. In Woodard, we were less concerned
with the mandatory 25-year minimum and more focused on the "off-grid" life sentence.
Woodard, 294 Kan. at 724-26 (citing cases upholding "life sentences"). Due to Britt's
criminal history score of B, Britt received a mandatory minimum sentence of 618 months'
imprisonment. If he had been convicted of "on-grid" rape, he would have received a
sentence somewhere between 554-618 months and would have been eligible for good
time credit. See K.S.A. 21-4704(a); K.S.A. 21-4722 (good time credit calculation).

Britt does not argue that a grid sentence of 618 months would be cruel or unusual.
Cf. State v. Nunn, 247 Kan. 576, Syl. ¶ 4, 802 P.2d 547 (1990) (holding that sentence of a
minimum of 80 years to a maximum of life for four counts of criminal indecent liberties
with a child and three counts of aggravated criminal sodomy was not an abuse of
discretion). Instead, he contends his sentence was higher or identical to the sentence some
defendants received for convictions of murder. Specifically, Britt argues that had he been
convicted of premeditated murder, he would face only a hard 25 under K.S.A. 22-
3717(b).

However, as the State points out, under K.S.A. 21-4635 and 21-4638, Britt could
also face an identical sentence—a mandatory minimum sentence of 618 months'
imprisonment. See K.S.A. 21-4638 (a defendant sentenced under the hard 50 scheme
receives a mandatory minimum term equal to the sentence established pursuant to the
sentencing range if the grid sentence exceeds 600 months).

22

In any event, Woodard ultimately rejected this line of reasoning, describing its
several flaws:

"This argument suffers from several flaws. In the first place, it assumes that
murderers necessarily receive more lenient sentences in Kansas than violators of Jessica's
Law. This is not the case. In fact, the Kansas Criminal Code sets out a list of
transgressions that constitute capital murder, which is an off-grid offense. K.S.A. 21-
3439. Capital murder is subject to punishment by death. K.S.A. 21-4624. The penalty for
homicide in Kansas may thus be much more severe than the penalties under Jessica's
Law. See K.S.A. 21-4638; K.S.A. 21-4643. The fact that the penalty for certain
categories of homicide may be less severe than the penalties for other, nonhomicide
crimes does not automatically render the penalties for the nonhomicide crimes
unconstitutional. There is no strict linear order of criminal activity that ranks all
homicides as the most serious crimes and all nonhomicide crimes as less serious, with the
corresponding penalties necessarily ranking in diminishing durations of imprisonment.

"Furthermore, as the State points out, Jessica's Law is not the only Kansas statute
that provides for more severe penalties for nonhomicide crimes than for certain categories
of homicide. Compare, e.g., rape, K.S.A. 21-3502, and aggravated kidnapping, K.S.A.
21-3420, which are severity level 1 offenses, with reckless second-degree murder, K.S.A.
21-3402(b), which is a severity level 2 offense." Woodard, 294 Kan. at 723-24.

For similar reasons, we conclude that the penalty under K.S.A. 21-4643(a)(2)(B)
is not disproportionately harsh when compared with the punishments imposed for other
offenses in Kansas.

Finally, for the same reasons we delineated in Woodard, we find that the penalty
imposed under K.S.A. 21-4643(a)(2)(B) is not disproportionate to sentences imposed for
similar crimes in other states which have withstood allegations of cruel and unusual
punishment. See Woodard, 294 Kan. at 724.

23

For these reasons, we reject Britt's claim that his Jessica's Law sentence violates §
9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights.

LIFETIME POSTRELEASE SUPERVISION


Both parties agree that the district court erred in imposing lifetime postrelease
supervision. See K.S.A. 22-3717(b)(5) and State v. Cash, 293 Kan. 326, 330-31, 263 P.3d
786 (2011) (holding that a defendant sentenced under Jessica's Law was improperly
sentenced to lifetime postrelease supervision).

We affirm Britt's convictions but vacate the imposition of lifetime postrelease
supervision.