State v. Brown

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Nos. 104,081
104,082

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

ANTONIO S. D. BROWN,
Appellant.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
Under K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-3210(d)(1), a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, for
good cause shown and within the discretion of the court, may be withdrawn at any time
before sentence is adjudged.

2.
District courts should consider three factors when determining whether a
defendant demonstrates good cause to withdraw a plea before sentencing: (1) whether
the defendant was represented by competent counsel; (2) whether the defendant was
misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly taken advantage of; and (3) whether the plea was
fairly and understandingly made. All three factors need not apply in a defendant's favor.
The district court may also consider other factors when determining whether good cause
is shown.

3.
Appellate courts review a district court's decision in a presentence motion to
withdraw a plea for abuse of discretion. Judicial discretion is abused when judicial action
is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable. If reasonable persons could differ as to the
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propriety of the action taken by the district court, then it cannot be said that the district
court abused its discretion.

4.
Interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which an appellate court has
unlimited review.

5.
Pursuant to K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-3210(d)(1), a defendant must show good cause
for a plea withdrawal before sentencing. If a defendant has shown good cause to the court
that his or her plea should be withdrawn, the court may allow the defendant to withdraw
the plea, exercising the discretion granted by the legislature. However, if the defendant
has failed to show good cause, the court has no choice but to deny the defendant's request
to withdraw the plea.

Appeal from Douglas District Court; PEGGY C. KITTEL, judge. Opinion filed September 23, 2011.
Affirmed.

Matthew J. Edge, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Bree Gorynski, legal intern, Patrick J. Hurley, assistant district attorney, Charles E. Branson,
district attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before GREENE, C.J., MALONE and BRUNS, JJ.

MALONE, J.: Antonio S. D. Brown appeals the district court's decision denying his
motion to withdraw his no contest pleas prior to sentencing. Brown claims the district
court erred by failing to find that he showed good cause to withdraw his pleas. In the
alternative, Brown argues that even without a showing of good cause, the district court
had the discretion to allow him to withdraw his pleas before sentencing and the district
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court erred by failing to consider whether to exercise that discretion. For the reasons set
forth herein, we affirm the district court's judgment.

On October 21, 2008, the State charged Brown with three counts of aggravated
robbery, one count of aggravated burglary, and one count of conspiracy to commit
aggravated robbery in case No. 2008 CR 1569 (the 2008 case). The next day, the district
court appointed Craig Stancliffe to represent Brown. On July 30, 2009, the State charged
Brown with one count of attempted robbery and one count of aggravated battery in case
No. 2009 CR 1182 (the 2009 case). The second count was later amended to attempted
aggravated battery. On August 10, 2009, the district court appointed Stancliffe to
represent Brown in the 2009 case as well.

On September 2, 2009, Brown filed a letter with the district court stating he was
having communication problems with Stancliffe and requesting a new attorney for both
cases. The district court held a hearing on September 18, 2009, and both Brown and
Stancliffe addressed the court. The district court ultimately denied Brown's request for a
new attorney, finding that Stancliffe was still able to continue in a working relationship
with Brown, that Stancliffe had zealously represented Brown, and that it would be to
Brown's disadvantage to appoint new counsel with a jury trial scheduled 3 weeks away.

On October 2, 2009, Brown pled no contest to aggravated robbery in the 2008 case
and attempted aggravated battery in the 2009 case. Pursuant to a plea agreement with the
State, the remaining charges were dismissed along with two additional pending cases
against Brown. The district court found Brown guilty on both counts. Prior to sentencing,
Brown filed a pro se motion to withdraw his pleas, stating he never wanted to plead no
contest but Stancliffe had talked him into the pleas. Shortly thereafter, Brown filed a pro
se motion for new counsel in both cases. Stancliffe also filed a motion to withdraw as
counsel due to the likelihood of the State calling him as a witness at the hearing on
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Brown's motion to withdraw his pleas. On October 30, 2009, the district court removed
Stancliffe from the cases and appointed new counsel to represent Brown.

On November 16, 2009, the district court held a hearing and heard testimony from
both Brown and Stancliffe. The following day, the district court announced its decision
from the bench. The district court noted the burden was on Brown to show good cause to
withdraw his pleas. The district court found that Brown was represented by competent
counsel; that Brown was not misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly taken advantage of;
and that the pleas were fairly and understandingly made. Accordingly, the district court
denied Brown's motion to withdraw his pleas. On December 15, 2009, the district court
sentenced Brown to 72 months' imprisonment in the 2008 case and to 12 months'
imprisonment in the 2009 case. Brown timely appealed.

Brown first claims the district court erred by failing to find that he showed good
cause to withdraw his pleas. Brown focuses his argument on the district court's finding
that Brown was not misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly taken advantage of when he
entered his pleas. The State argues that Brown's claim of coercion was unsupported by
the evidence and that Brown failed to show good cause to withdraw his pleas.

"A plea of guilty or nolo contendere, for good cause shown and within the
discretion of the court, may be withdrawn at any time before sentence is adjudged."
K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-3210(d)(1). District courts should consider three factors when
determining whether a defendant demonstrates good cause to withdraw a plea before
sentencing: (1) whether the defendant was represented by competent counsel; (2)
whether the defendant was misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly taken advantage of;
and (3) whether the plea was fairly and understandingly made. All three factors need not
apply in a defendant's favor. The district court also may consider other factors when
determining whether good cause is shown. State v. Anderson, 291 Kan. 849, Syl. ¶ 2, 249
P.3d 425 (2011).
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"Appellate courts review a district court's decision in a presentence motion to
withdraw a plea for abuse of discretion." 291 Kan. 849, Syl. ¶ 1. "Judicial discretion is
abused when judicial action is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable. If reasonable persons
could differ as to the propriety of the action taken by the trial court, then it cannot be said
that the trial court abused its discretion. [Citation omitted.]" State v. Gant, 288 Kan. 76,
81-82, 201 P.3d 673 (2009).

At the hearing on Brown's motion to withdraw his pleas, Brown testified that he
had difficulty communicating with Stancliffe. Specifically, Brown testified that whenever
he said something Stancliffe did not like, Stancliffe became angry, yelled at him, and told
him he had no chance of winning at trial. Brown further testified that Stancliffe did not
listen to his statements about his case and paid no attention to him. Finally, Brown
testified that he entered the no contest pleas because he felt that if he proceeded to trial
with Stancliffe as his attorney, Stancliffe would not represent him to the best of his
ability.

However, Brown also admitted at the hearing that Stancliffe read the plea
agreement to him. Brown acknowledged that he signed the agreement and initialed the
provision that no one made any threats or promises to him. Brown further conceded that
he understood he had the ultimate decision whether to plead no contest. On cross-
examination, Brown admitted that he told the district judge at the plea hearing that he had
not been threatened in order to enter the pleas, and he told the judge he did not have any
questions about the plea agreement.

Stancliffe also testified at the hearing that he went over the plea agreement with
Brown, read every sentence to him, had Brown initial the form, and answered any
questions Brown had about the agreement. Stancliffe testified that Brown was very
involved in the plea negotiations, that Brown discussed the possible dispositions of the
cases with him, and that Brown had even requested a counteroffer to the pleas during
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negotiations. Stancliffe acknowledged that he showed Brown a letter from the
prosecutor's office, which stated that if Brown did not accept the plea offer, he would be
facing a longer term of imprisonment. However, Stancliffe denied personally threatening
or coercing Brown in order to get him to enter the pleas.

After hearing the testimony and reviewing the transcript of the plea hearing, the
district court found that Brown had not been misled, coerced, mistreated, or unfairly
taken advantage of when entering the pleas. The district court considered Brown's
testimony regarding his prior experience in the court system and his ability to file pro se
motions with the court throughout his cases. Further, the district court found that Brown
had ample opportunity to speak up during the plea hearing and state that he did not want
to enter the pleas. The district court concluded that Brown understood what he was doing
and that his fear that Stancliffe would not represent him at trial to the best of his ability
was unfounded. The district court ultimately denied Brown's motion to withdraw his
pleas, finding that he was not threatened but rather was "having remorse over [his]
situation and that's not a reason to set aside [a] plea."

The evidence supports the district court's findings and the district court's ultimate
decision to deny Brown's motion to withdraw his pleas. Brown has failed to show that the
district court's decision was arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or that no reasonable
person would have agreed with the district court's decision. We conclude the district
court did not err by failing to find that Brown showed good cause to withdraw his pleas.

In the alternative, Brown argues that even without a showing of good cause, the
district court had the discretion to allow him to withdraw his pleas before sentencing and
the district erred by failing to consider whether to exercise that discretion. This argument
requires an interpretation of K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-3210(d)(1). Interpretation of a statute
is a question of law over which an appellate court has unlimited review. State v. Arnett,
290 Kan. 41, 47, 223 P.3d 780 (2010).
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As stated above, K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-3210(d)(1) provides: "A plea of guilty or
nolo contendere, for good cause shown and within the discretion of the court, may be
withdrawn at any time before sentence is adjudged." (Emphasis added.) Brown asserts
that the plain language of the statute establishes two independent conditions under which
a district court may permit withdrawal of a guilty or no contest plea: (1) upon a showing
of good cause or (2) at the court's discretion. Brown concedes that K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-
3210(d)(1) uses the word "and" where he would have this court read the word "or," and
he further concedes that the term "and" is ordinarily conjunctive. See State v. Johnson,
289 Kan. 870, 879, 218 P.3d 46 (2009) (stating "and" is ordinarily conjunctive, while
"or" is ordinarily disjunctive). However, Brown argues that the term "and" may be read
as a disjunctive when it is necessary to carry out the legislative intent of the statute. See
McMechan v. Everly Roofing, Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., 8 Kan. App. 2d 349,
351, 656 P.2d 797, rev. denied 233 Kan. 1092 (1983).

Brown's argument has been previously advanced to and rejected by this court in at
least three unpublished opinions. See State v. Sullivan, No. 102,057, 2011 WL 148889, at
*1-2 (Kan. App. 2011) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 292 Kan. ___ (April 25, 2011);
State v. Young, No. 102,272, 2010 WL 3853152, at *1-2 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished
opinion), rev. denied 291 Kan. ___ (December 2, 2010); State v. Vasquez, No. 99,492,
2008 WL 4916332, at *2 (Kan. App. 2008) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 288 Kan.
835 (2009). These three panels found there was no reason to rewrite the statute to
interpret "and" as "or." See Sullivan, 2011 WL 148889, at *1 (statute imposes a single
standard with two components); Young, 2010 WL 3853152, at *1 (court has a choice to
allow plea withdrawal, but only when defendant has shown good cause); Vasquez, 2008
WL 4916332, at *2 (argument flies in the face of the clear expression of the legislature).

Also, in State v. Aguilar, 290 Kan. 506, 231 P.3d 563 (2010), our Supreme Court
addressed the withdrawal of a guilty plea before sentencing and used language that
further forestalls Brown's interpretation of K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-3210(d)(1). In Aguilar,
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the court stated that when the defendant moved to withdraw her guilty plea before
sentencing, "the district judge was required to determine in his discretion whether she
demonstrated good cause for withdrawal." 290 Kan. at 511. See also Sullivan, 2011 WL
148889, at *1 (recognizing Aguilar's foreclosure of the argument raised here by Brown).
Finally, our Supreme Court reaffirmed this interpretation of the statute in Anderson, 291
Kan. 849, Syl. ¶ 1 ("A defendant must establish good cause for a plea withdrawal before
sentencing.").

We interpret K.S.A. 2010 Supp. 22-3210(d)(1) to mean that a defendant must
show good cause for a plea withdrawal before sentencing. If a defendant has shown good
cause to the court that his or her plea should be withdrawn, the court may allow the
defendant to withdraw the plea, exercising the discretion granted by the legislature.
Stated another way, the court has a choice, but only when the defendant has shown good
cause. However, if the defendant has failed to show good cause, the court has no choice
but to deny the defendant's request to withdraw the plea. Here, Brown failed to show
good cause, and the district court did not err in denying his motion to withdraw his no
contest pleas prior to sentencing.

Affirmed.