State v. Johnson

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

No. 100,544

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

REGINALD M. JOHNSON,
Appellant.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
When the defendant requests a lesser included offense instruction, the trial court is
required to give the instruction where there is some evidence that would reasonably
justify a conviction of the lesser included crime.

2.
The duty to give a lesser included offense instruction exists where there is
evidence supporting the lesser crime, regardless of whether it is weak or inconclusive.
However, an instruction on a lesser included offense is not required if the jury could not
reasonably convict the defendant of the lesser included offense based on the evidence
presented.

3.
In determining whether the defendant is entitled to a lesser included offense
instruction, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant.



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4.
An appellate court reviewing a trial court's failure to give a requested jury
instruction cannot consider the requested instruction in isolation. Rather, the court must
consider all of the instructions together as a whole. If the instructions as a whole properly
and fairly state the law as applied to the facts of the case, and the jury could not
reasonably be misled by them, then failure to give the requested instruction is not
reversible error.

Appeal from Sedgwick district court; REBECCA L. PILSHAW, judge. Opinion filed August 6, 2010.
Affirmed.

Lydia Krebs, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, was on the brief for the appellant.

Julie A. Koon, assistant district attorney, Nola Tedesco Foulston, district attorney, and Steve Six,
attorney general, were on the brief for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

DAVIS, C.J.: Reginald M. Johnson was found guilty of first-degree murder. He was
sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years. Johnson appeals
his conviction. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW

Most of the facts presented are from the testimony of defendant Reginald M.
Johnson.

Johnson was at work on August 20, 2007, when his colleague, Eddie Porter,
approached him during their lunch break and told him that Johnson needed to talk to
Amy Whiteman, Johnson's common-law wife. Johnson, suspicious that Whiteman might
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be cheating on him, asked Porter if Whiteman was "stepping out" on him. Porter
confirmed Johnson's suspicions, told him he needed to speak with her, and provided
Johnson with a name: Anthony.

Johnson received permission from his boss to leave work for the rest of the day,
called Whiteman, and asked that she meet with him in a nearby parking lot. Johnson
confronted Whiteman, and she told him that Anthony was "just a friend." Johnson,
however, did not believe Whiteman and demanded that she give him back his truck and
move out of their house. Whiteman suggested they go home and talk, but instead they
went to see her (and also formerly his) therapist.

They arrived at the therapist's office only to discover she was unavailable, and
again began discussing their situation in the office parking lot. Johnson again asked
Whiteman about Anthony, and she continued to deny that Anthony was anything more
than a friend. Johnson told her to give him her car keys and cell phone because both
belonged to him. He then told her that he would have her belongings waiting for her in
the front yard, "so there [was] no reason for [her] to come in the house." Johnson then
locked the vehicle he had been driving and left in the truck Whiteman had been driving.
Johnson, who suffered from depression and had previously attempted suicide, called his
therapist and made an appointment to see him that evening. He then drove home.
Whiteman called her friend Lisa Sandoval to pick her up and take her home to get her
clothes.

Johnson arrived home and started moving Whiteman's clothes into the front yard.
As he was doing so he noticed a rose and a card he had given to Whiteman the day
before. "At that point," Johnson testified, he "didn't want to live any more." He then
retrieved his gun, planning on committing suicide. Noticing Sandoval's car arrive in front
of the house, however, he instead put the gun in the closet by the front door and went out
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to the front yard. Johnson there again confronted Whiteman about her infidelity and their
relationship, while Sandoval waited in her car.

Sandoval reminded Whiteman and Johnson twice that their son, Josiah, would be
home from school soon and suggested they remove Whiteman's belongings from the
yard. Johnson and Whiteman finally started carrying them back into the house. Sandoval
checked with Whiteman to make sure she was okay before Sandoval left, and Whiteman
indicated she was fine. Johnson thanked Sandoval for bringing Whiteman home, said
everything was going to be all right, and told her that he was not the "monster" Whiteman
had portrayed him to be. Sandoval asked Whiteman to call her later and left.

Whiteman and Johnson continued moving Whiteman's belongings back inside.
They also agreed that Whiteman would accompany Johnson to meet with his therapist
that evening to discuss their situation and possible separation. They moved to the
backyard and continued to talk about their problems. While there, Josiah arrived home
from school. Johnson told Whiteman she needed to tell Josiah why they were separating.
He told Josiah that his mother was sleeping with another man. Josiah indicated he did not
want to move away and left to ride his bike around the neighborhood.

After Josiah left, the couple went back inside and continued talking. Eventually
Johnson told Whiteman to pack up her things. Whiteman, however, saying she needed
"closure" so she could "move on," told him she had been planning on moving out and had
been having an affair with Anthony. Johnson told her he did not want to hear about it, but
she continued, telling him she had slept with the man four times. Johnson told her he did
not want to know any more and said, "Could you just get your things now and leave?"
Whiteman refused to leave and instead continued to provide details on the affair. Then,
according to Johnson, his "heart started beating really fast, just pounding," his head
started to hurt, and then everything went black. He did not remember getting the gun
from the closet, did not remember hearing the shotgun "being discharged," never
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intended to hurt Whiteman, but simply wanted her to "get her things and leave." At some
point, a noise at the door roused him, and he opened his eyes. Whiteman was lying on the
floor. Fearing the noise at the door was Josiah coming home, he pulled Whiteman's body
into the bedroom because he "didn't want [Josiah] to see his mom like that."

The State described those same events this way: Johnson silenced Whiteman
"when he retrieved his Mossberg pump-action shotgun from the living room closet,
pointed it at her, and shot her four times."

Johnson then went to a Wichita police station and informed officers there that he
had hurt his wife. The police went to Johnson's house, found three shotgun shells and the
shotgun on the floor of the living room, a trail of blood leading to a bedroom, and
Whiteman's bloody body on the bedroom floor. The body was transported to the hospital,
where Whiteman was pronounced dead from shotgun wounds to the chest and thigh.

Johnson was charged with first-degree, premeditated murder. He proceeded to a
jury trial where the court instructed the jury as to first-degree murder, second-degree
murder, and "heat of passion" voluntary manslaughter. During the instructions
conference, defense counsel requested an instruction on "sudden quarrel" voluntary
manslaughter. The district court denied the request and instead instructed the jury only on
heat of passion voluntary manslaughter. The jury convicted Johnson of one count of first-
degree murder. The district court sentenced him to life in prison with the possibility of
parole after 25 years.

Johnson appealed his conviction, arguing the district court erred in failing to
instruct the jury on sudden quarrel voluntary manslaughter. This court's jurisdiction is
under K.S.A. 22-3601(b)(1) (off-grid crime; life sentence).


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DISCUSSION

The district court instructed the jury as to first-degree murder, second-degree
murder, and heat of passion voluntary manslaughter. During the instructions conference,
defense counsel had also requested an instruction on sudden quarrel voluntary
manslaughter, but the district court denied the request and instead instructed the jury only
on heat of passion voluntary manslaughter. The court found that the conflict between
Johnson and Whiteman had been "building all day long." Even though the court did
instruct on heat of passion voluntary manslaughter, Johnson argues that "[b]ecause the
two forms of manslaughter [sudden quarrel and heat of passion] are not separate, and
because there was sufficient evidence of a 'sudden quarrel' to require an instruction on
that theory, this court must reverse" his conviction.

The State argues alternatively that the district court's refusal to give the requested
sudden quarrel voluntary manslaughter instruction was not error because, as the judge
noted during the instructions conference, he did not "see any evidence whatsoever of a
sudden quarrel." We agree. The evidence presented did not support a sudden quarrel
instruction.

Standard of Review

This court has held:

"'The district court "must instruct the jury on the law applicable to the defendant's
theories for which there is supporting evidence." State v. Williams, 277 Kan. 338, 356, 85
P.3d 697 (2004). "A defendant is entitled to an instruction on his or her theory of the case
even though the evidence thereon is slight and supported only by the defendant's own
testimony. [Citation omitted.]" State v. Bell, 276 Kan. 785, 792, 80 P.3d 367 (2003).
Further, as mentioned, this court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the
party requesting the instruction when considering the district court's refusal to give a
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requested instruction. Williams, 277 Kan. at 356.'" State v. Anderson, 287 Kan. 325, 331,
197 P.3d 409 (2008) (quoting State v. Oliver, 280 Kan. 681, 706, 124 P.3d 493 [2005],
cert. denied 547 U.S. 1183 [2006]).

In State v. White, 284 Kan. 333, 347, 161 P.3d 208 (2007), this court also held:

"'"A trial court must instruct the jury on a lesser included offense 'where there is
some evidence which would reasonably justify a conviction' of the lesser offense.
[Citation omitted.] 'If the defendant requests the instructions, the trial court has a duty to
instruct the jury regarding all lesser included crimes that are established by the evidence,
regardless of whether the evidence is weak or inconclusive.' [Citation omitted.] However,
the duty to so instruct arises only where there is evidence supporting the lesser crime.'
[Citation omitted.] An instruction on a lesser included offense is not required if the jury
could not reasonably convict the defendant of the lesser included offense based on the
evidence presented. [Citation omitted.]"' (Emphasis added.) State v. Boyd, 281 Kan. 70,
93, 127 P.3d 998 (2006) (quoting State v. Drennan, 278 Kan. 704, 712-13, 101 P.3d 1218
[2004])."

In addition:

"[A]n appellate court cannot consider the requested instruction in isolation. Rather, the
court must consider all of the instructions together as a whole. If the instructions as a
whole properly and fairly state the law as applied to the facts of the case, and the jury
could not reasonably be misled by them, the instructions are not reversible error even if
they are in some way erroneous. [Citation omitted.]" State v. Jackson, 280 Kan. 541, 550,
124 P.3d 460 (2005).

The Instructions

During the jury instruction conference, there was extensive discussion on sudden
quarrel voluntary manslaughter and whether the evidence supported Johnson's
recommended sudden quarrel or heat of passion instruction. The district court found the
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evidence did not support such an instruction. As a result, it instructed the jury on first-
degree murder, on second-degree murder as a lesser included offense of first-degree
murder, and on heat of passion voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense of
second-degree murder. The district court's actual relevant instructions to the jury were:

"INSTRUCTION NO. 4

"Reginald Johnson is charged with the crime of murder in the first degree. Mr.
Johnson pleads not guilty.

"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:
1. That Reginald Johnson intentionally killed Amy Whiteman;
2. That such killing was done with premeditation; and
3. That this act occurred on or about August 20, 2007, in Sedgwick County,
Kansas."

"INSTRUCTION NO. 6

"If you do not agree that Reginald Johnson is guilty of murder in the first degree,
you should then consider the lesser included offense of murder in the second degree.

"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:
1. That Reginald Johnson intentionally killed Amy Whiteman; and
2. That this act occurred on or about August 20, 2007, in Sedgwick County,
Kansas."

"INSTRUCTION NO. 7

"In determining whether Reginald Johnson is guilty of murder in the second
degree, you should also consider the lesser offense of voluntary manslaughter. Voluntary
manslaughter is an intentional killing done in the heat of passion.

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"If you decide Reginald Johnson intentionally killed Amy Whiteman, but that it
was done in the heat of passion, the defendant may be convicted of voluntary
manslaughter only.

"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:
1. That Reginald Johnson intentionally killed Amy Whiteman;
2. That it was done in the heat of passion; and
3. That this act occurred on or about August 20, 2007, in Sedgwick County,
Kansas." (Emphasis added.)

The only meaningful difference in the instructions proposed by Johnson might
have resulted in a change to this actual INSTRUCTION NO. 7, where the words "done in
the heat of passion" might, based on Johnson's proposed wording, have instead been
"done upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion."

Johnson made no proposal as to a definition of "sudden quarrel," which might then
have been incorporated into the next actual instruction given:

"INSTRUCTION NO. 8

"As used in Instructions Numbered 4 and 7, the following definitions
apply:

'Premeditation' means to have thought the matter over beforehand, in
other words, to have formed the design or intent to kill before the act. Although
there is no specific time period required for premeditation, the concept of
premeditation requires more than the instantaneous, intentional act of taking
another's life.

'Heat of Passion' means any intense or vehement emotional excitement
which was spontaneously provoked from circumstances. Such emotional state of
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mind must be of such degree as would cause an ordinary person to act on impulse
without reflection." (Emphasis added.)

Johnson was convicted of first-degree murder.

Was There Error in the Instructions Given?

The evidence presented in the instant case is that Johnson and the victim had been
discussing their situation and relationship all day. Based on review of the briefs and the
record, there does not appear to be any evidence regarding a sudden argument or quarrel
immediately preceding the victim's death. Johnson stated:

"When Whiteman refused to leave and instead continued to provide details about
the affair, Mr. Johnson's 'heart started beating really fast, just pounding.' His head started
to hurt, and then everything went black. At some point, a noise at the door roused him,
and he opened his eyes. Whiteman was lying on the floor. Fearing that the noise at the
door was Josiah coming home, Mr. Johnson pulled Whiteman's body into the bedroom
because he 'didn't want [Josiah] to see his mom like that.'"

Johnson did not testify to any sudden quarrel. In fact, it appears that Johnson blacked out
during the actual events of the victim's death.

In State v. Graham, 275 Kan. 831, 69 P.3d 563 (2003), the court referenced what
it saw as support for a sudden quarrel instruction in State v Cribbs, 29 Kan. App. 2d 919,
34 P.3d 76 (2001). "Immediately [preceeding] the shooting, an argument erupted between
the parties giving rise to an emotionally-charged domestic situation." 275 Kan. at 839.

In his brief to this court, Johnson relied heavily on Graham; however, the facts in
that case are distinguishable from the facts in the instant case. In Graham, it appears that
Graham's wife let it be known throughout the day in question that she was angry with
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Graham. Later that day, Graham ordered her into his truck, but she refused. Graham
threatened her, and the victim, Crow, intervened. Graham and Crow then had an angry
exchange and Graham drove off. Sometime later, Graham returned and approached
Crow, cursing and saying he was going to kill him. They got into a physical altercation,
resulting in Crow being stabbed. The actual quarrel that immediately led to the murder in
Graham did occur quite suddenly, and the stabbing occurred during the physical
altercation that immediately followed the sudden quarrel. The Graham court noted that
"in both Cribbs and this case there was some evidence of 'heat of passion' or 'sudden
quarrel.' Thus, in each case the defendant was entitled to have the jury consider such
evidence during its consideration of the elements of attempted second-degree murder."
(Emphasis added.) 275 Kan. at 839.

This was not, however, the situation with Johnson and his wife in the instant case.
As the district court noted:

"I don't see how you can call it sudden quarrel when it's been building all day.
Sudden quarrel. Common words have their common meaning. And this has been
something that has been building all day long.

"He's already thrown her clothes out into the yard. He's already told her son that
she was leaving because she was cheating. I don't see any evidence whatsoever of a
sudden quarrel.
. . . .
"This is a fight that was going on all day long, was going on all day. He throws
her clothes out into the yard. It's not a sudden quarrel because he just suddenly decides to
shoot her, whether he's aware of it or not."

The court in State v. Coop, 223 Kan. 302, 573 P.2d 1017 (1978), conducted the
most thorough analysis of sudden quarrel under Kansas case law. The court stated:

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"'Sudden quarrel' per se did not arise from the common law definition.
Manslaughter required only 'heat of passion' or 'hot blood,' etc. [Citations omitted.] The
Kansas wording apparently comes from the federal statute:

'Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without
malice. It is of two kinds:

'"Voluntary upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion."' (18
U.S.C. § 1112[a]).'
. . . .

"For the moment, if we use words such as 'sudden combat' and 'sudden affray' to
have similar meanings as 'sudden quarrel,' we see that for the most part it is not truly a
separate creature. It is merely one of the means of provocation which brings on heat of
passion. [Citations omitted.] '. . . [A] sudden combat is ordinarily considered on the same
footing as other provocations operating to create such passion as temporarily to unseat
the judgment.' [Citation omitted.]

"A few jurisdictions have made affray or quarrel a part of the statutory language.
E.g., 18 U.S.C. § 1112(a); Calif. Penal Code § 192; K.S.A. 21-3403.

"In spite of the 'or' wording in the statutes mentioned and in the case law of other
jurisdictions, only one jurisdiction has treated the terms separately. . . .
. . . .
"'Quarrel,' standing alone, has been defined in a general sense:

'In an untechnical sense, it signifies an altercation, or angry
dispute, an exchange of recriminations, taunts, threats or accusations
between two persons. [Citations omitted.]' Black's Law Dictionary 1409
(Revised 4th ed. 1968).

"No Kansas case defines the term 'sudden quarrel.' The few cases to even
mention it do so in conjunction with 'heat of passion' in quoting the general definition of
manslaughter, and then go on to discuss only 'heat of passion.' State v. Stafford, 213 Kan.
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152, 515 P.2d 769; State v. Burrow & Dohlmar, 221 Kan. 745, 561 P.2d 864; State v.
Pyle, 216 Kan. 423, 532 P.2d 1309.

"The same situation exists in the California and federal cases. The cases, if they
mention sudden quarrel at all, just discuss heat of passion or else mix the terms together,
such as 'upon a sudden quarrel in heat of passion.' People v. Dugger, 179 Cal. App. 2d
714, 4 Cal. Rptr. 388 (1960); see People v. Sedeno, 10 Cal. 3d 703, 518 P.2d 913, 112
Cal. Rptr. 1 (1974); People v. Best, 13 Cal. App. 2d 606, 57 P.2d 168 (1936).

"Sudden quarrel is one form of provocation for 'heat of passion' and is not
separate and apart from 'heat of passion.' The provocation whether it be 'sudden quarrel'
or some other form of provocation must be sufficient to cause an ordinary man to lose
control of his actions and his reason.

"In this case there was no evidence of sufficient provocation for defendant's acts
to entitle him to an instruction on voluntary manslaughter. His own testimony on direct
examination on the issue was:

'I remember my wife was sitting in the chair in the front room
and we started talking about something. This was pretty faint. I don't
really remember well, but I do remember we started talking about
something and disagreeing on something, but I don't remember what it
was we was even disagreeing on. We wasn't a heated argument, not
really what you call actually—maybe not even an argument really. It was
just a disagreement on some little thing we was discussing.'

"We hold that the evidence at trial did not support an instruction on voluntary
manslaughter as a lesser included offense. The trial court properly refused to give the
requested instruction." (Emphasis added.) 223 Kan. at 305-07.

The facts in Coop are similar to the facts in the instant case. Like the defendant in
Coop, Johnson testified that the encounter between him and Whiteman was not heated
and they were not yelling or screaming at each other. In Coop, this court found "no
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evidence of sufficient provocation" such that the defendant was entitled to a separate
instruction on voluntary manslaughter, let alone sudden quarrel. 223 Kan. at 307. In the
instant case, there is similarly no evidence of sudden quarrel.

Further, the court in Coop held that sudden quarrel is one form of heat of passion
and not separate and apart therefrom. The court described "heat of passion" as including
an "'emotional state of mind characterized by anger, rage, hatred, furious resentment, or
terror. It must be of such a degree as would cause an ordinary man to act on impulse
without reflection.'" Coop, 223 Kan. at 305 (quoting State v. Ritchey, 223 Kan. 99, Syl.
¶ 1, 573 P.2d 973 [1977]).

"Heat of passion" is defined as:

"Rage, terror, or furious hatred suddenly aroused by some immediate
provocation, usually another person's words or actions. At common law, the heat of
passion could serve as a mitigating circumstance that would reduce a murder charge to
manslaughter. Also termed sudden heat of passion; sudden heat; sudden passion; hot
blood; sudden heat and passion; furor brevis." Black's Law Dictionary 791 (9th ed.).

"Sudden" is commonly defined as: "1. Happening without warning; unforeseen. 2.
Characterized by hastiness; abrupt; rash. 3. Characterized by rapidity; quick; swift." The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1286 (1969).

"Quarrel" is defined as: "An altercation or angry dispute; an exchange of
recriminations, taunts, threats, or accusations between two persons." Black's Law
Dictionary 1363 (9th ed.); "An angry dispute; an altercation." The American Heritage
Dictionary of the English Language 1069 (1969).

In the instant case, Instruction No. 8 defined "heat of passion" as "any intense or
vehement emotional excitement which was spontaneously provoked from circumstances.
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Such emotional state of mind must be of such degree as would cause an ordinary person
to act on impulse without reflection."

Based on this instruction, an unforeseen angry altercation, dispute, taunt, or
accusation could fall within this definition as sufficient provocation. While the trial judge
did not utilize the term "sudden quarrel" in his instructions, we note that Kansas, along
with most states, considers sudden quarrel to be one form of heat of passion.
Accordingly, Instruction No. 8 was sufficiently broad to include sudden quarrel as one
form of heat of passion.

Additionally, there was no evidence of sudden quarrel. During the jury instruction
conference, the trial judge succinctly described the lack of any evidence supporting a
sudden quarrel between Johnson and his wife.

"[Johnson] said that he became angry. . . . But . . . he professed he remained calm, telling
her that she just needed to leave.
. . . .
"I'm telling you what I see in the evidence. Which is, he says that he remained
calm, that they weren't fighting, that he just wanted her to leave. He told her to stop,
wanted her to leave. He says over and over again that he was calm.

". . . But there was nothing about a quarrel, or some blow up, or anything like
that. . . . And the only evidence that comes out about what was going on immediately,
prior to her being shot, is that comes from [Johnson], who claims he was calm.
Period. . . .
. . . .
"I don't see how you can call it sudden quarrel . . . .

". . . I don't see any evidence whatsoever of a sudden quarrel."

There was no error in the jury instructions by the district court.
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Affirmed.