Tyler v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

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No. 102,236

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

JONATHAN Z. TYLER,
Appellant,

v.

GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY
and
LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
Appellees.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT


K.S.A. 44-510e(a) is construed and applied.


Appeal from Workers Compensation Board. Opinion filed February 26, 2010.
Reversed and remanded with directions.

George H. Pearson III, of Topeka, for appellant.

John A. Bausch and Patrick M. Salsbury, of Goodell, Stratton, Edmonds &
Palmer, L.L.P., of Topeka, for appellees.


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Before RULON, C.J., ELLIOTT and HILL, JJ.

RULON, C.J.: Claimant, Jonathan Z. Tyler, appeals the Kansas Division of
Workers Compensation Board's (Board) decision limiting his compensation to functional
impairment and denying Claimant work disability compensation. Claimant contends the
Board erred in denying compensation based on the finding there was no nexus between
his injury and subsequent wage loss. According to Claimant, no such nexus is required
under the rules of statutory construction applied by our Supreme Court in Casco v.
Armour-Swift Eckrich, 283 Kan. 508, 154 P.3d 494 (2007), and its progeny.

We reverse and remand with directions.

The facts of this case are not in dispute. Tyler is employed at the Goodyear tire
plant in Topeka. On January 29, 2007, Claimant was preparing to hoist a tire mold out of
the curing vessel when a chain hoist fell from above striking him in the head. The falling
hoist knocked Claimant to the ground and he was taken to the hospital. Claimant had a
cut on the top of his head and suffered neck pain as a result of the accident.

Claimant was treated and returned to work the following day. Claimant continued
to see a physician at Goodyear until he was referred to another physician, Dr. Michael
Smith, because of continued pain and discomfort. Dr. Smith ordered an MRI, which
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indicated Claimant had bulging disks in his neck. On September 25, 2007, Dr. Smith
released Claimant at maximum medical improvement.

Claimant maintained his position at Goodyear while undergoing treatment for his
injury after his physician's release. He was under no direct work restrictions. Although
his neck pain did cause some difficulty, Claimant performed his normal job duties.

Claimant's pay remained the same until July 2008 when, as the result of a new
union contract, Goodyear restructured its production week to increase production. This
contract was nationally negotiated and affected all union Goodyear employees. As a
result of this restructuring, Goodyear added an additional shift and changed the way
workers were offered overtime work. After this restructuring, Claimant's workweek was
reduced from 7 to 5, days and his average weekly pay fell from $1,654 to $940.57.
Claimant stated much of his wage loss was due to reduced overtime, even though he did
not always accept overtime when such work was available.

Claimant filed an application for workers compensation on January 10, 2008.
Independent medical examiner, Dr. Joseph Huston, rated Claimant's impairment at 6%,
with 4% preexisting, and found Claimant required no work restrictions. Claimant's
medical examiner, Dr. Daniel Zimmerman, found Claimant had range of motion
limitations in his neck and determined Claimant had an 11% permanent partial
impairment as a result of the accident. Zimmerman noted Claimant reported a 40% task
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loss based upon his recommendation that Claimant lift 50 pounds occasionally and only
25 pounds frequently. A medical evaluator hired by Goodyear found Claimant had no
permanent impairment.

Subsequently the administrative law judge (ALJ) first found Claimant's functional
impairment to be 6.5%. The ALJ further found Claimant's wages dropped dramatically
as a result of Goodyear's addition of a new shift and redistribution of overtime, and
Claimant's injury bore no direct relationship to that wage decline. However, the ALJ
found "the right to work disability is not necessarily triggered by a causative link between
the injury and the loss of wages." The ALJ found Kansas statutory law did not require a
causal connection between the injury and wage loss and, because Claimant had suffered a
wage loss greater than 10% Claimant was eligible to receive work disability
compensation. Furthermore, the ALJ found Claimant's permanent partial disability to be
41.5% and awarded Claimant work disability compensation at the rate of $483 per week
for 172.23 weeks for a total award of $83,187.09.

Goodyear filed an application for review by the Board and argued the ALJ erred in
granting Claimant work disability because his wage loss was caused by Goodyear's union
contract, not his injury. Citing Hernandez v. Monfort, Inc., 30 Kan. App. 2d 309, 41 P.3d
886, rev. denied 274 Kan. 1112 (2002), Goodyear argued there must be a causal nexus
between an injury and a loss in pay for that injury to be compensable.

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The Board agreed with Goodyear and found Claimant was not eligible for work
disability. The Board noted K.S.A. 44-510e does not require a direct causal connection
between injury and wage loss; however, the nexus requirement expressed in Hernandez
had not been expressly overruled. Noting the purpose of the Workers Compensation Act
is to compensate workers for their injuries, not for any wage loss, the Board reversed the
award of work disability and granted Claimant 26.98 weeks of permanent partial
disability compensation at $483 per week for a total award of $13,031.34 for a 6.5%
functional disability.

Claimant filed a timely petition for judicial review with this court.

Claimant argues on appeal the plain and unambiguous language of K.S.A. 44-510e
does not require a causal relationship between an injury and wage loss and Casco
effectively overruled Hernandez's nexus requirement. Goodyear maintains the Board
properly applied Hernandez and an award of work disability would run counter to the
intent of the Workers Compensation Act in this case.

When the facts in a workers compensation case are not disputed, the question is
whether the Board correctly applied those facts to the law, which the appellate court
reviews de novo. Martinez v. Excel Corp., 32 Kan. App. 2d 139, 142, 79 P.3d 230
(2003). Furthermore, the sole issue in this case involves the interpretation of the
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language of K.S.A. 44-510e, which is a question of law. Double M Constr. v. Kansas
Corporation Comm'n, 288 Kan. 268, 271, 202 P.3d 7 (2009).

Under the doctrine of operative construction, the Board's interpretation of the law
is entitled to judicial deference. If there is a rational basis for the Board's interpretation,
the Board should be affirmed upon judicial review. However, the Board's determination
on questions of law is not conclusive and, though persuasive, is not binding on the court.
Casco, 283 Kan. at 521; see also Graham v. Dokter Trucking Group, 284 Kan. 547, 554,
161 P. 3d 695 (2007) (relying on doctrine of operative construction in context of question
of law on undisputed facts). The party challenging the Board's interpretation bears the
burden of proving its invalidity. Foos v. Terminix, 277 Kan. 687, 693, 89 P.3d 546
(2004).

The calculation of compensation for permanent partial disabilities under the
Workers Compensation Act is governed by K.S.A. 44-510e. In relevant part, K.S.A. 44-
510e(a) states:

"The extent of permanent partial general disability shall be the extent,
expressed as a percentage, to which the employee, in the opinion of the
physician, has lost the ability to perform the work tasks that the employee
performed in any substantial gainful employment during the fifteen-year
period preceding the accident, averaged together with the difference
between the average weekly wage the worker was earning at the time of the
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injury and the average weekly wage the worker is earning after the injury.
In any event, the extent of permanent partial general disability shall not be
less than the percentage of functional impairment. . . . An employee shall
not be entitled to receive permanent partial general disability compensation
in excess of the percentage of functional impairment as long as the
employee is engaging in any work for wages equal to 90% or more of the
average gross weekly wage that the employee was earning at the time of the
injury.

Claimant contends the rules of statutory construction announced by our Supreme
Court in Casco and Graham should be applied here. According to Claimant because
there is no language requiring a relationship between an injury and wage loss in the
above statute, no such requirement should be read into the statute. Analysis of this
argument must therefore begin with an overview of the rules expressed in Casco,
Graham, and their progeny.

In Casco, our Supreme Court overturned the long-standing parallel injury rule in
workers compensation cases that was established in Honn v. Elliott, 132 Kan. 454, 295
Pac. 719 (1931). Casco, 283 Kan. at 527. The court found the Honn court considered
statutory language which was specifically applicable to permanent total disability and
erroneously applied such interpretation to permanent partial disability. 283 Kan. at 525.
Applying the canon of statutory construction "courts cannot add something to a statute
that is not readily found in the statute," the Casco court overturned Honn. 283 Kan. at
525, 527.
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Our Supreme Court applied a similar canon of construction in the analogous
circumstance presented by Graham. The Graham court reversed this court's holding that
a physician's testimony was required to support a finding of wage loss for purposes of
calculating wage loss under K.S.A. 44-510e(a). According to Graham, while a
physician's testimony was required under plain statutory language to prove task loss, the
statute plainly established wage loss was calculated simply by comparing a Claimant's
pre and postinjury wages. The Graham court concluded under the plain language of the
statute there was no requirement wage loss be supported by a physician's testimony. 284
Kan. at 554-57.

Recently our Supreme Court has continued the course set in Casco and Graham in
Bergstrom v. Spears Manufacturing Co., 289 Kan. 605, 214 P.3d 676 (2009). The
Bergstrom court overturned the requirement, first expressed in Foulk v. Colonial Terrace,
20 Kan. App. 2d 277, 887 P.2d 140 (1994), rev. denied 257 Kan. 1091 (1995), that a
workers compensation Claimant must make a good-faith effort to find alternate
employment after an injury. Bergstrom, 289 Kan. at 610. In Foulk the court concluded
an implied good-faith requirement was necessary to preserve the legislature's presumed
intent that able workers should work and not be compensated for sitting idle. Foulk, 20
Kan. App. 2d at 284. The Bergstrom court concluded there was no such good-faith
requirement in the plain language of K.S.A. 44-510e(a). Bergstrom, 289 Kan. at 609.
Applying Graham, the Bergstrom court held Foulk and its progeny suffered from the
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same defect in statutory interpretation by failing to "give effect only to express statutory
language, rather than speculating on what the law should or should not be, and [adding]
something to a statute not readily found in it." Bergstrom, 289 Kan. at 610.

Here, while the Board's reasoning is arguably sound regarding the purpose of the
Workers Compensation Act, the Board's decision nonetheless is foreclosed by our
Supreme Court's rulings in Casco, Graham, and Bergstrom. These cases make a number
of points clear:
K.S.A. 44-510e(a) is a simple mathematical calculation;
Judicial notions regarding the legislature's intent in the enactment of
K.S.A. 44-510e(a) are not favored; and
Judicial blacksmithing will be rejected even if such judicial interpretations
have been judicially implied to further the perceived legislative intent.


Our reading of Casco, Graham, and Bergstrom suggests this court's decision in
Hernandez is no longer good law. Our Supreme Court's direction in Bergstrom could not
be clearer. Absent a specific statutory provision requiring a nexus between the wage loss
and the injury, this court is not to read into the statute such a requirement. This court is
duty bound to follow Kansas Supreme Court precedent, absent some indication the court
is departing, from its previous position. Buchanan v. Overley, 39 Kan. App. 2d 171, 175-
76, 178 P.3d 53, rev. denied 286 Kan. 1176 (2008).

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Reversed and remanded to the Workers Compensation Board with directions to
reinstate the ALJ's award of work disability.