Randolph v. State

1
NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 116,765

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

MICHAEL LAWRENCE RANDOLPH,
Appellant,

v.

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; MICHAEL GROSKO, judge. Opinion filed December 8,
2017. Affirmed.

Sam Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Christopher L. Schneider, assistant district attorney, Mark A. Dupree, Sr., district attorney, and
Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., LEBEN and POWELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM: Michael Lawrence Randolph appeals the Wyandotte County
District Court's summary dismissal of his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. Finding no error by the
district court, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 2009, a jury convicted Randolph of rape of a child under 14. After denying his
departure motion, the district court sentenced Randolph to life in prison with no chance
2
of parole for 25 years, pursuant to Jessica's Law. See K.S.A. 21-4643. This sentence also
included lifetime postrelease supervision if Randolph were granted parole. Randolph
appealed.

In his direct appeal, Randolph raised challenges to (1) an alternative means jury
instruction issue, (2) the voluntariness of his confession, and (3) the admission of
testimony indicating that it was not possible to draw a conclusion about whether a sex
crime occurred simply because DNA testing did not suggest this possibility. Our
Supreme Court found Randolph's first two alleged trial errors meritless and declined to
address his third alleged trial error because it was not properly preserved for review by a
contemporaneous objection at trial. State v. Randolph, 297 Kan. 320, 324-35, 301 P.3d
300 (2013).

Randolph also raised several sentencing issues in his direct appeal, but our
Supreme Court found only two with merit. 297 Kan. at 336. First, the court found that the
district court erred in denying Randolph's departure motion because the district court
relied on the general departure factors provided in the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act
(KSGA), K.S.A. 21-6801 et seq., rather than the departure factors unique to a Jessica's
Law sentence. 297 Kan. at 336-38. The court also found Randolph's lifetime postrelease
supervision order to be incorrect. Because Randolph was eligible for parole, lifetime
postrelease supervision did not apply. 297 Kan. at 338. The court affirmed his conviction
but vacated Randolph's sentence and remanded for resentencing. 297 Kan. at 338.

The district court resentenced Randolph on July 25, 2013, and again imposed a life
prison sentence but did not impose lifetime postrelease supervision. During resentencing
the district court again denied Randolph's motion for a departure to a grid sentence yet
did so through the application of the correct departure factors. Randolph did not appeal
this sentence.

3
On July 31, 2014—one year and six days after resentencing—Randolph filed his
present pro se motion pursuant to K.S.A. 60-1507. In his motion, Randolph raised the
following issues: (1) The district court erred by not suppressing his confession; (2) the
district court abused its discretion by not granting his departure motion at his
resentencing hearing; (3) the district court erred by not dismissing his case for lack of
evidence; and (4) his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. The State filed a
response, conceding the timeliness of the motion but requesting summary dismissal,
arguing the court records conclusively demonstrated that Randolph was not entitled to
relief.

The district court summarily denied Randolph's motion, holding (1) his motion
was untimely and Randolph failed to establish facts that would support a finding of
manifest injustice for the court to extend the statute of limitations and (2) even if there
were such a showing, Randolph's claims were meritless.

Randolph timely appeals.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR IN SUMMARILY DISMISSING
RANDOLPH'S K.S.A. 60-1507 MOTION?

On appeal, Randolph argues the district court erred in summarily dismissing his
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.

A district court has three options when reviewing a 60-1507 motion:

"'(1) The court may determine that the motion, files, and case records conclusively show
the prisoner is entitled to no relief and deny the motion summarily; (2) the court may
determine from the motion, files, and records that a potentially substantial issue exists, in
which case a preliminary hearing may be held. If the court then determines there is no
substantial issue, the court may deny the motion; or (3) the court may determine from the
4
motion, files, records, or preliminary hearing that a substantial issue is presented
requiring a full hearing.' [Citation omitted.]" Sola-Morales v. State, 300 Kan. 875, 881,
335 P.3d 1162 (2014).

The standard of review depends upon which of these options a district court utilizes.
When the district court summarily denies a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, as is the case here,
we conduct a de novo review to determine whether the motion, files, and records of the
case conclusively establish that the movant is not entitled to relief. State v. Sprague, 303
Kan. 418, 425, 362 P.3d 828 (2015).

To be entitled to relief under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 60-1507, the movant must
establish by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) "the judgment was rendered without
jurisdiction;" (2) "the sentence imposed was not authorized by law or is otherwise open to
collateral attack," or (3) "there has been such a denial or infringement of the
constitutional rights of the prisoner as to render the judgment vulnerable to collateral
attack." K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 60-1507(b); see Supreme Court Rule 183(g) (2017 Kan. S.
Ct. R. 222). To avoid the summary denial of a 60-1507 motion, a movant bears the
burden of establishing entitlement to an evidentiary hearing. To meet this burden, a
movant's contentions must be more than conclusory, and either the movant must set forth
an evidentiary basis to support those contentions or the basis must be evident from the
record. See Sprague, 303 Kan. at 425. If such a showing is made, the district court is
required to hold a hearing unless the motion is a "'second'" or "'successive'" motion
seeking similar relief. Sola-Morales, 300 Kan. at 881 (quoting Holt v. State, 290 Kan.
491, 495, 232 P.3d 848 [2010]). However,


"[a] proceeding under K.S.A. 60-1507 ordinarily may not be used as a substitute for
direct appeal involving mere trial errors or as a substitute for a second appeal. Mere trial
errors must be corrected by direct appeal, but trial errors affecting constitutional rights
may be raised even though the error could have been raised on appeal, provided
5
exceptional circumstances excuse the failure to appeal." Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(3)
(2017 Kan. S. Ct. R. 223).

Randolph specifically argues that the district court erred in dismissing his motion
because the motion was timely and presented "potentially meritorious" claims. We will
address each issue in turn.

A. The timeliness of Randolph's 60-1507 motion

The district court first denied Randolph's motion on the basis of untimeliness
under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 60-1507(f)(1) because the motion was filed one year and six
days after Randolph's resentencing.

"The interpretation of statutes is a question of law over which an appellate court
exercises unlimited review. When courts are called upon to interpret statutes, the
fundamental rule governing that interpretation is that the intent of the legislature governs
if that intent can be ascertained. The legislature is presumed to have expressed its intent
through the language of the statutory scheme it enacted. For this reason, when the
language of a statute is plain and unambiguous, courts need not resort to statutory
construction. Instead, an appellate court is bound to implement the legislature's expressed
intent." State v. Arnett, 290 Kan. 41, Syl. ¶ 1, 223 P.3d 780 (2010).

K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 60-1507(f) states, in part:

"Time limitations. (1) Any action under this section must be brought within one
year of:
(A) The final order of the last appellate court in this state to exercise jurisdiction
on a direct appeal or the termination of such appellate jurisdiction; or
(B) the denial of a petition for writ of certiorari to the United States supreme
court or issuance of such court's final order following granting such petition."

6
The Kansas Supreme Court previously interpreted this statute in Baker v. State,
297 Kan. 486, Syl. ¶ 1, 303 P.3d 675 (2013): "When a defendant's conviction is affirmed
on direct appeal but the case is remanded for resentencing, the 1-year time limitation for
bringing an action under K.S.A. 60-1507 begins to run after the period for taking a direct
appeal from the new sentence expires."

Thus, Randolph had one year and 14 days from his resentencing to file a timely
motion under K.S.A. 60-1507. Because he filed his motion one year and six days after
resentencing, the district court erred in denying Randolph's motion as untimely.
However, the district court also held that even if Randolph's motion were timely, he was
not entitled to an evidentiary hearing because "the claims asserted by the plaintiff were
either addressed in his direct appeal or constitute trial errors, which should have been
raised on direct appeal." Accordingly, we must examine the merits of Randolph's claims.

B. The merits of Randolph's K.S.A. 60-1507 motion

In his 60-1507 motion, Randolph asserted the following grounds for relief: (1) The
district court erred by not suppressing his confession; (2) the district court abused its
discretion by not granting his departure motion at his resentencing hearing; (3) the district
court erred by not dismissing his case for lack of evidence; and (4) his trial counsel
provided ineffective assistance by failing to make a contemporaneous objection and thus
preserving his alleged DNA trial error raised in his direct appeal and by failing to call an
expert to testify about child-witness interview techniques.

1. The admission of Randolph's confession

First, Randolph's motion asserts the district court erred by not suppressing his
confession because it was "coerced and false." However, the admission of Randolph's
confession and its voluntariness was fully litigated on his direct appeal and, thus, cannot
7
form the basis of a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. Randolph, 297 Kan. at 326-34; see Robertson
v. State, 288 Kan. 217, 223, 201 P.3d 691 (2009). The district court did not err in
summarily dismissing this claim.

2. The denial of Randolph's downward durational departure motion

Second, Randolph's motion asserts that the district court erred in denying his
departure motion at his resentencing. Again, Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(3) (2017 Kan.
S. Ct. R. 223) provides:

"A proceeding under K.S.A. 60-1507 ordinarily may not be used as a substitute for direct
appeal involving mere trial errors or as a substitute for a second appeal. Mere trial errors
must be corrected by direct appeal, but trial errors affecting constitutional rights may be
raised even though the error could have been raised on appeal, provided exceptional
circumstances excuse the failure to appeal."

Exceptional circumstances have been defined to include "'unusual events or
intervening changes in the law which prevent a movant from reasonably being able to
raise all of the trial errors in the first post-conviction proceeding.' [Citations omitted.]"
State v. Mitchell, 297 Kan. 118, 123, 298 P.3d 349 (2013).

Here, Randolph did not appeal the district court's denial of his departure motion
after his resentencing, and his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion alleges no exceptional
circumstances which prevented a direct appeal after resentencing. Without such a
showing of exceptional circumstances, an issue that could have been raised on direct
appeal cannot be raised for the first time in a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. See Robertson, 288
Kan. at 224; Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(3) (2017 Kan. S. Ct. R. 222). The district court
did not err in summarily dismissing this claim.

8
3. Failure to dismiss the case for insufficient evidence

Third, Randolph argues that the district court erred by not dismissing his case for
lack of evidence. But like his claim that the district court erred by denying his motion for
a downward durational departure, such a claim is not properly raised for the first time in a
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. This argument should have been raised in a direct appeal, and
Randolph makes no showing of exceptional circumstances preventing him from bringing
this issue in his prior direct appeal. See Robertson, 288 Kan. at 224; Supreme Court Rule
183(c)(3) (2017 Kan. S. Ct. R. 222). The district court did not err in summarily
dismissing this claim either.

4. Ineffective assistance of counsel

Finally, Randolph argues that his trial counsel was ineffective. Specifically, he
argues his trial counsel was ineffective because counsel failed to preserve an issue for
direct appeal by failing to make a contemporaneous objection at trial to the admission of
certain evidence and counsel failed to call an expert to testify regarding child-witness
interview techniques.

A claim alleging ineffective assistance of counsel presents mixed questions of fact
and law requiring de novo review. Thompson v. State, 293 Kan. 704, 715, 270 P.3d 1089
(2011). We review the "underlying factual findings for substantial competent evidence
and the legal conclusions based on those facts de novo." Boldridge v. State, 289 Kan.
618, 622, 215 P.3d 585 (2009).

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a movant must establish
"(1) the performance of defense counsel was deficient under the totality of the
circumstances, and (2) prejudice, i.e., that there is a reasonable probability the jury would
have reached a different result absent the deficient performance." Sola-Morales, 300 Kan.
9
at 882. Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance in a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is highly deferential and requires consideration of all the evidence before the
judge or jury. Bledsoe v. State, 283 Kan. 81, 90, 150 P.3d 868 (2007). The reviewing
court must strongly presume that counsel's conduct fell within the broad range of
reasonable professional assistance. State v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965, 970, 318 P.3d 987
(2014). To establish prejudice, the movant must show a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel's deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding would have been
different, with a reasonable probability meaning a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome. See Sprague, 303 Kan. at 426.

i. Failure to object to testimony regarding DNA evidence

On direct appeal, Randolph argued:

"[T]he trial court erred in admitting the testimony of several witnesses who explained
they could not draw a conclusion about whether there had been a sex crime committed
just because testing did not reveal semen or the DNA of anyone other than [the victim].
In this testimony, for example, a witness explained that 'DNA actually goes away really
quickly on the body' of a prepubescent child and that 'saliva often degrades really
quickly.'" Randolph, 297 Kan. at 334.

However, Randolph's trial counsel did not contemporaneously object to the admission of
this evidence. Because of this, our Supreme Court held the issue was not properly
preserved for appeal and did not reach the merits of Randolph's argument. 297 Kan. at
335. In his present motion, Randolph alleges his counsel was ineffective for failing to
lodge a contemporaneous objection to these statements and that had his trial counsel done
so the Supreme Court "may have ruled on that issue, possibly in [his] favor." We are
unpersuaded.

10
Assuming without deciding that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to the admission of these statements, Randolph cannot meet his burden to show
prejudice. Again, to establish prejudice, the movant must show a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding would have
been different, with a reasonable probability meaning a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome. See Sprague, 303 Kan. at 426. Had these
statements been excluded the jury would have been left with the witnesses' statements
that none of Randolph's DNA was found on the victim, which admittedly would have left
the jury with an inference favorable to Randolph but not enough to undermine our
confidence in the outcome. Randolph does not tell us how the exclusion of such evidence
would have altered the result, and, as we explain below, the evidence supporting his
conviction was overwhelming.

ii. Failure to call a "child witness expert" regarding child interviewing
techniques

Finally, Randolph alleges that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call an
expert witness who could testify at trial about the accuracy of child interviewing
techniques. In support of this allegation he cites Chubb v. State, No. 99,912, 2009 WL
929136 (Kan. App. 2009) (unpublished opinion), asserting that it establishes a rule that
failure to hire an expert on interviewing techniques is ineffective assistance of counsel.
Chubb, relying on Mullins v. State, 30 Kan. App. 2d 711, 46 P.3d 1222, rev. denied 274
Kan. 1113 (2002), held that given the potential for prejudice when the case "depends on
the children's testimony without any physical evidence," Chubb should have been
allowed the opportunity to develop and support his argument at an evidentiary hearing on
his 60-1507 motion. 2009 WL 929136, at *3.

In Mullins, our court held: "Under the facts of this case, . . . (1) Defense counsel
was ineffective in failing to ever consider hiring an expert, either for use at trial or for use
11
in preparation of cross-examination of the State's witnesses." (Emphasis added.) 30 Kan.
App. 2d 711, Syl. ¶ 3. Although other cases since Mullins have remanded a movant's
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion for evidentiary hearing, Mullins does not establish a bright-line
rule that all instances of a counsel's failure to secure and utilize an expert on child-
witness interview techniques equates to deficient representation. See, e.g., Chubb, 2009
WL 929136, at *1. But see Hall v. State, No. 109,168, 2014 WL 1096748, at *7-9 (Kan.
App. 2014) (unpublished opinion) (declining to extend Mullins under facts presented);
Westerman v. State, No. 94,627, 2006 WL 2440003, at *3 (Kan. App.) (unpublished
opinion), rev. denied 282 Kan. 797 (2006) (same); Snavely v. State, No. 89,156, 2003 WL
22430275, at *2 (Kan. App. 2003) (same). In fact, the Mullins court specifically limited
its holding to the facts of that case, highlighting three important sets of facts: (1) There
were no visual signs of sexual abuse and no witnesses to the alleged offenses, and,
consequently, Mullins was convicted primarily on the testimony of the child-victim; (2)
the victim's physical exam was normal; and (3) no expert was called to rebut the victim's
or nurse's testimony. 30 Kan. App. 2d at 712.

The case at hand is more like Westerman where, at trial, the movant testified that
he had touched the victim. Here, as in Westerman, the conviction was not based primarily
on the testimony of the child-victim. Although there was no expert called to rebut the
testimony presented by the victim or physician assistant and the victim's exam was
normal, at trial, the victim's brother, who was sleeping next to his sister when the rape
occurred, witnessed it, testified, and corroborated his sister's testimony. One of the other
individuals who was sleeping at the house the night of the rape also testified that the
victim went to bed clothed, and when she woke up he observed her pants and underwear
in the corner of the room. Additionally, and perhaps most damning, is Randolph's
confession to the crime. In the recording, which was played for the jury, Randolph
confessed to digitally penetrating the victim. Our Supreme Court held this confession was
voluntary and properly admitted at trial. Randolph, 297 Kan. at 326-34. Given this, we
12
cannot find that Randolph's counsel was ineffective for failing to secure an expert on
child interview techniques.

But even if we were to assume a deficiency on trial counsel's part, given the valid
admission of Randolph's confession to the crime and the other supporting evidence,
Randolph cannot meet his burden in establishing he was prejudiced. He makes no
showing of a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the
outcome of the trial would have been different. There was no error in the district court's
dismissal of Randolph's K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.

Affirmed.