State v. Davis

1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 117,744

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

JAMES E. DAVIS,
Appellant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION


Appeal from Chautauqua District Court; JEFFREY D. GOSSARD, judge. Opinion filed April 13,
2018. Affirmed.

Michelle A. Davis, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Amanda G. Voth, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before BRUNS, P.J., PIERRON and POWELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM: James E. Davis was convicted of two counts of sexual exploitation
of a child and one count of sexual battery. The district court originally sentenced him to
24 months' postrelease supervision but later filed an amended journal entry ordering
lifetime postrelease supervision. Davis appeals, arguing his original term of postrelease
supervision was legal and, therefore, the court did not have jurisdiction to amend it. We
disagree and affirm.

On February 22, 2017, Davis pled guilty to two counts of sexual exploitation of a
child, a severity level 5 person felony, and no contest to one count of sexual battery, a
2

class A person misdemeanor. All three crimes were committed on November 11, 2016.
The district court originally sentenced Davis to a total of 89 months' incarceration
followed by a 24-month term of postrelease supervision. An amended journal entry was
later filed imposing lifetime postrelease supervision for the two counts of sexual
exploitation of a child. Davis appeals.

On appeal, Davis argues that his original 24-month term of postrelease supervision
was legal, so the district court did not have jurisdiction to amend the journal entry to
impose lifetime postrelease supervision. Generally, a district court does not have
jurisdiction to modify a legal sentence once it is pronounced. State v. Hall, 298 Kan. 978,
983, 319 P.3d 506 (2014). Nevertheless, a court can correct an illegal sentence at any
time. K.S.A. 22-3504(1); State v. Fisher, 304 Kan. 242, 264, 373 P.3d 781 (2016).

Whether a sentence is illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 22-3504 is a question
of law over which this court has unlimited review. State v. Lee, 304 Kan. 416, 417, 372
P.3d 415 (2016). To the extent this issue requires statutory interpretation, this court's
review is also unlimited. State v. Collins, 303 Kan. 472, 473-74, 362 P.3d 1098 (2015).

K.S.A. 22-3717 governs postrelease supervision. In 2013, the legislature amended
K.S.A. 22-3717 to add subsection (d)(1)(D), which provides varying lengths of
postrelease supervision for offenders convicted of sexually violent offenses. L. 2013, ch.
133, § 13. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3717(d)(1) reads, in relevant part:

"(d)(1) Persons sentenced for crimes, other than off-grid crimes, committed on or
after July 1, 1993, or persons subject to subparagraph (G), will not be eligible for parole,
but will be released to a mandatory period of postrelease supervision upon completion of
the prison portion of their sentence as follows:
. . . .
3

(B) Except as provided in subparagraphs (D) and (E), persons sentenced for
nondrug severity levels 5 and 6 crimes . . . must serve 24 months on postrelease
supervision.
. . . .
(D) Persons sentenced to a term of imprisonment that includes a sentence for a
sexually violent crime as defined in K.S.A. 22-3717, and amendments thereto, . . . shall
serve the period of postrelease supervision as provided in subsections (d)(1)(A), (d)(1)(B)
or (d)(1)(C) plus the amount of good time and program credit earned and retained
pursuant to K.S.A. 21-4722, prior to its repeal, or K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6821, and
amendments thereto, on postrelease supervision.
. . . .
(G) Except as provided in subsection (u), persons convicted of a sexually violent
crime committed on or after July 1, 2006, and who are released from prison, shall be
released to a mandatory period of postrelease supervision for the duration of the person's
natural life."

Davis contends both subsections (d)(1)(D) and (d)(1)(G) apply to persons
convicted of sexually violent offenses, so the statute is ambiguous. He argues the rules of
lenity required the district court to impose the lesser of the two possible sentences. Davis
was convicted of a severity level 5 person felony, so he contends his original sentence of
24 months' postrelease supervision was legal under subsections (d)(1)(B) and (d)(1)(D).

As Davis acknowledges, this court has already addressed the purported conflict
between K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3717(d)(1)(D) and (d)(1)(G) in State v. Herrmann, 53
Kan. App. 2d 147, 384 P.3d 1019 (2016), rev. denied 306 Kan. 1324 (2017). The
Herrmann court held that subsection (d)(1)(D) only applied to persons convicted of
sexually violent offenses between July 1, 1993, and July 1, 2006:

"Subsection (d)(1) explains that persons sentenced for crimes committed after July 1,
1993, will not be eligible for parole; instead, they will be subject to mandatory
postrelease supervision as provided in the subparagraphs that follow. Notably, however,
this subsection (d)(1) expressly states that the mandatory postrelease supervision
4

provided in the subparagraphs that follow do not apply to 'persons subject to
subparagraph (G).' . . .
". . . Reading subparagraph (D) in pari materia, it falls under subsection (d)(1)
and so applies to all persons but those expressly excluded: persons sentenced for off-grid
crimes committed on or after July 1, 1993, and persons committing a sexually violent
crime on or after July 1, 2006, as stated in subparagraph (G). Therefore, subparagraph
(D) only applies to persons convicted of a sexually violent crime after July 1, 1993, but
before July 1, 2006. Thus, there are no persons convicted of a sexually violent crime to
whom both subparagraph (D) and subparagraph (G) apply. Construing the statute as a
whole and giving effect to all of the statutes, as this court must, there is no conflict or
ambiguity in amended subsection (d)(1)." 53 Kan. App. 2d at 152-53.

Numerous other panels of this court have agreed with Herrmann's analysis. See,
e.g., State v. Kirk, No. 116,609, 2017 WL 5016019, at *2-4 (Kan. App. 2017)
(unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed December 4, 2017; State v. Stagner, No.
116,869, 2017 WL 4848359, at *2 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion), petition for
rev. filed November 27, 2017; State v. Cook, No. 116,592, 2017 WL 4558496, at *2
(Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed November 13, 2017; State
v. Munoz, No. 115,590, 2017 WL 4081374, at *12-13 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished
opinion), petition for rev. filed October 13, 2017; State v. Brewer, No. 116,331, 2017 WL
3947342, at *2-4 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed October
3, 2017.

Nevertheless, Davis argues Herrmann was wrongly decided. He relies on State v.
Cameron, 294 Kan. 884, 281 P.3d 143 (2012). In Cameron, a case decided prior to the
2013 legislative amendment, Cameron argued that under the rule of lenity the district
court should have sentenced him to 24 months' postrelease supervision under subsection
(d)(1)(B) rather than lifetime postrelease supervision under (d)(1)(G). The Kansas
Supreme Court rejected Camron's argument, holding:

5

"[W]hen we consider the provisions of K.S.A. 22-3717(d)(1) in pari materia with a view
of reconciling and bringing the provisions into workable harmony there is no reasonable
doubt that the legislature intended the more specific and more severe provision of
(d)(1)(G) to apply to a sentence imposed for a conviction of a sexually violent offense
rather than the more general provision of (d)(1)(B) that Cameron seeks to apply. This
means that an offender convicted of a 'sexually violent crime' committed after July 1,
2006, must be sentenced to receive lifetime postrelease supervision upon release from
prison." 294 Kan. at 900.

Davis contends Herrmann conflicts with Cameron. He claims the Cameron court
used a "rule of lenity analysis" which "casts significant doubt as to whether the provisions
of K.S.A. 22-3717(d)(1) and the interplay of the differing terms of postrelease
supervision can be determined through a plain language analysis." Davis asserts that by
finding that the more specific provision applies, the Cameron court implicitly found that
both subsections could be applicable.

The court in State v. Wol, No. 115,633, 2017 WL 3000839 (Kan. App. 2017)
(unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed August 3, 2017, rejected this argument,
explaining:

"[W]hile our Supreme Court's analysis in Cameron may be instructive as to what canons
of statutory construction should be applied when considering K.S.A. 22-3717(d)(1), the
Cameron court's analysis cannot speak to the meaning and purpose of the 2013
amendment to K.S.A. 22-3717(d)(1)(D) given that it had not been enacted when
Cameron was decided in 2012. As thoroughly explained by the Herrmann court's
legislative history of the 2013 amendment to subparagraph (D), the purpose of enacting
subparagraph (D) was to ensure that defendants who committed sexually violent crimes
between July 1, 1993, and July 1, 2006, did not receive the benefit of not having earned
good time or program credit added to the terms of their postrelease supervision." 2017
WL 3000839, at *9.

6

See also State v. Wilson, No. 116,381, 2017 WL 2212171, at *3 (Kan. App. 2017)
(unpublished opinion) (rejecting similar argument based on Cameron), rev. denied
306 Kan. 1331 (2017).

Finally, it is worth noting that the Legislature has expressed approval of the
Herrmann decision by amending the language of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3717(d)(1)(D) to
reflect the Herrmann court's interpretation of the statute. This subsection now reads: "(D)
Persons sentenced to a term of imprisonment that includes a sentence for a sexually
violent crime . . . committed on or after July 1, 1993, but prior to July 1, 2006, . . . shall
serve the period of postrelease supervision as provided in subsections (d)(1)(A), (d)(1)(B)
or (d)(1)(C)." L. 2017, ch. 62, § 10(d)(1)(D). The amendment, which became effective
July 1, 2017, clarifies that subsection (d)(1)(D) only applies to crimes committed between
July 1, 1993 and July 1, 2006. K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3717(d)(1)(D).

We find the reasoning of Herrmann persuasive. Davis was convicted of two
sexually violent offenses after July 1, 2006. As such, K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-
3717(d)(1)(G) required the district court to sentence him to lifetime postrelease
supervision. Davis' original term of 24 months' postrelease supervision was illegal, and
the court had jurisdiction to amend the journal entry to reflect the appropriate length of
postrelease supervision. We affirm.

Affirmed.