State v. James

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 112,757

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

JIMMY G. JAMES,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; ROBERT P. BURNS, judge. Opinion filed December 23,
2015. Affirmed.

Ryan Eddinger, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Alan T. Fogleman, assistant district attorney, Jerome A. Gorman, district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before ATCHESON, P.J., GARDNER, J., and BURGESS, S.J.

Per Curiam: Defendant Jimmy James contends the Wyandotte County District
Court erred in denying his motion to suppress illegal drugs and drug paraphernalia a
police officer recovered during a traffic stop. Based on the appellate record and the
district court's factual findings, we find no error and affirm.

In October 2011, Officer Jeremy Shepard, a member of the Wyandotte County
Unified Government police force, saw the pickup truck James was driving roll through a
stop sign in Kansas City, Kansas. Officer Shepard pulled the truck over and approached
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James and his passenger. Officer Shepard asked James for his driver's license or other
identification. When James said he didn't have his license with him, Officer Shepard had
him step out of the truck. James recited his name and gave other identifying information
to Officer Shepard, so the officer could run a warrants check.

While James was standing outside the truck, Officer Shepard noticed a lock-blade
knife clipped to the inside of one of the pockets in James' pants. Officer Shepard removed
the knife and concluded it was illegal under a municipal ordinance regulating the
possession of certain weapons. Officer Shepard then arrested James for possession of the
knife and searched him as part of that arrest. Officer Shepard found a glass pipe of the
sort commonly used to smoke illegal drugs in another of James' pockets. Based on the
discovery of the knife and the pipe, Officer Shepard searched the cab of the pickup and
found marijuana and methamphetamine.

The Wyandotte County District Attorney's Office charged James with possession
of methamphetamine, a severity level 4 drug felony; no drug tax stamps, a felony;
possession of marijuana, a misdemeanor; possession of drug paraphernalia, also a
misdemeanor; and no driver's license in possession, a traffic offense. James filed two
motions to suppress the pipe, the methamphetamine, and the marijuana because Officer
Shepard lacked any lawful reason to have him step out of the truck, thus revealing the
knife clipped inside his pocket, and because Officer Shepard had no lawful basis to then
search the pickup truck.

At the suppression hearing, Officer Shepard testified to the circumstances of the
stop and James' inability to produce any sort of identification when asked. James called
Sean Fullerton as his only witness. Fullerton testified that James had telephoned him just
before the traffic stop to say he was at an auto parts dealer and had forgotten his wallet.
Fullerton, who was temporarily living with James at the time, agreed to deliver James'
wallet to him. On the way to the dealer, Fullerton saw the traffic stop and recognized
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James' pickup, so he pulled up nearby. Fullerton said he approached the truck with the
wallet in his hand and was permitted to give the wallet to James, who was still seated in
the cab of the truck. At the hearing, James also introduced the booking form for his arrest
showing that he had a wallet and driver's license with him when he arrived at the county
jail.

At the suppression hearing, the district court credited Officer Shepard's account of
the traffic stop and, in particular, his testimony that James failed to produce a driver's
license or other identification when asked and, as a result, James was ordered out of the
truck. In turn, the district court necessarily discounted Fullerton's testimony that he gave
James the wallet and driver's license before Officer Shepard discovered the knife. The
district court denied the motion to suppress, finding Officer Shepard properly discovered
the knife and arrested James for possession of a weapon violating the municipal
ordinance. In turn, Officer Shepard conducted a proper postarrest search of James that
revealed the pipe. Based on the discovery of the pipe, Officer Shepard could then
lawfully search the cab of the pickup for contraband associated with drug paraphernalia.

At a later bench trial on stipulated facts, the district court convicted James of
possession of methamphetamine, possession of marijuana, and possession of drug
paraphernalia. James was sentenced to 20 months in prison and placed on probation for
12 months. He has timely appealed and challenges only the district court's ruling denying
the motions to suppress.

In reviewing a district court's ruling on a motion suppress, appellate courts apply a
bifurcated standard. An appellate court accepts the factual findings of the district court if
they are supported by competent evidence having some substance. The appellate court
exercises plenary review over legal conclusions based upon those findings, including the
ultimate ruling on the motion. State v. Woolverton, 284 Kan. 59, 70, 159 P.3d 985 (2007);
accord State v. Thompson, 284 Kan. 763, 772, 166 P.3d 1015 (2007). The prosecution
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bears the burden of proving a search or seizure to be legally proper by a preponderance of
the evidence. State v. Pollman, 286 Kan. 881, 886, 190 P.3d 234 (2008) (allocation of
burden; quantum of evidence); Thompson, 284 Kan. at 772 (allocation of burden).

A criminal defendant challenging the propriety of a police search must file a
written motion before trial stating "facts showing wherein the search and seizure were
unlawful." K.S.A. 22-3216(2). The motion, therefore, defines the asserted facts showing
legal defects in a search and, thus, affords the prosecutor notice as to what evidence the
State must present at the hearing to satisfy its burden of proof. See State v. Estrada-Vital,
302 Kan. 549, 556, 356 P.3d 1058 (2015); State v. Williams, No. 98,377, 2008 WL
4849101, at *1 (Kan. App. 2008) (unpublished opinion). A district court may, of course,
consider the actual facts adduced at the hearing. Likewise, a motion to suppress need not
detail the specific legal theories for suppression nor refute grounds on which the State
might argue to the contrary. In short, a motion to suppress has to provide the State some
reasonable representation of the factual bases for the alleged illegality of the search.
Otherwise, the State's presentation of evidence at the hearing would amount to a guessing
game—a result that is neither efficient nor fair.

With those precepts in mind, we turn to James' argument on appeal. He says the
search of his pocket that yielded the glass pipe and then of the cab of the truck that
yielded the illegal drugs violated the protections of the Fourth Amendment to the United
States Constitution against unreasonable government searches because his initial arrest
for possession of the knife was improper. On appeal, James argues the State failed to
present evidence at the suppression hearing showing the knife to have been unlawful
under the municipal ordinance. The parties agree that some lock-blade knives are legal.

In the district court, however, James never disputed that his knife violated the
ordinance and, therefore, was illegal. In both written motions to suppress, James
described the knife as an illegal lock-blade knife and never suggested (let alone argued)
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that Officer Shepard was mistaken in his conclusion to that effect. The motions rested on
other issues. Similarly, at the hearing, James' lawyer premised his arguments on the
illegality of the knife. Accordingly, the prosecutor had no need to go into a description of
the knife with Officer Shepard or to offer it as an exhibit at the hearing. Officer Shepard
testified in passing that the municipal ordinance prohibits lock-blade knives and James'
knife violated the ordinance. James' lawyer did not cross-examine Officer Shepard about
the knife or the ordinance. So what we have is a silent record on why exactly the knife
violated the ordinance. But in the district court James never contended the knife was
legal. And, in turn, the State had no need to offer evidence on that point to defeat the
motions to suppress.

On appeal, James cannot turn the silence of the record on what was an undisputed
point in the district court—and, thus, an immaterial one—into a valid claim that the State
failed to meet its burden in showing the search to be lawful. We reject the effort to do so.

We do not understand James to be arguing on appeal that the search was illegal
because James actually had his driver's license when Officer Shepard had him get out of
the truck and discovered the knife. That would require crediting Fullerton's testimony,
and, as James acknowledges, the district court did not. Nonetheless, James recounts that
testimony twice in some detail in his brief. If he is actually making such an argument, it
fails precisely because of the district court's credibility determination, a call we cannot
and will not disturb on appeal.

Having addressed the points James has made, we need not discuss other aspects of
the traffic stop, the search, or the district court's ruling on the motion to suppress.

Affirmed.