State v. Thomas

1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 115,990

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

ROBBIE A. THOMAS,
Appellant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Chautauqua District Court; JEFFREY D. GOSSARD, judge. Opinion filed February 9,
2018. Affirmed.

Michelle A. Davis, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Jon S. Simpson, assistant solicitor general, Amanda G. Voth, assistant solicitor general, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before MCANANY, P.J., GARDNER, J., and TIMOTHY L. DUPREE, District Judge, assigned.

PER CURIAM: Robbie A. Thomas was convicted of aggravated battery, abuse of a
child, and aggravated endangering a child. These charges arise from an incident while
Thomas was babysitting his girlfriend's children on July 2, 2015. The child in question
was age two and had soiled his pants. On appeal, Thomas does not argue that the
evidence did not establish that he was the cause of the child's burns when he was cleaning
off the child in the bathtub that night. He argues that the district court erred in instructing
the jury on the mental state necessary to support his conviction of aggravated battery and
that the prosecutor made improper arguments in closing. He also argues cumulative error
and that in calculating his criminal history score, the district court improperly classified
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his 2001 Virginia conviction for assault and battery of a family member as a person
crime.

Jury Instructions

Thomas argues that Jury Instruction Nos. 6 and 12 allowed the jury to convict him
of aggravated battery without determining whether he acted while knowing that great
bodily harm or disfigurement of another was reasonably certain to result.

The three-step protocol for our analysis of a jury instruction issue (jurisdiction,
merits, prejudice) is spelled out in State v. Pfannenstiel, 302 Kan. 747, 752, 357 P.3d 877
(2015). Jurisdiction is not at issue here. The State conceded that the jury instruction for
aggravated battery and the instruction for knowingly were legally incorrect. Because
there was no objection to these instructions, we apply the clear error standard found in
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3414(3) in evaluating the prejudice element. We will find clear
error if we are firmly convinced the jury would have reached a more favorable verdict for
Thomas had the proper instructions been given. See State v. Cameron, 300 Kan. 384,
389, 329 P.3d 1158, cert. denied 135 S. Ct. 728 (2014).

In Instruction No. 6, the court instructed the jury on three alternative
meanings of the term "knowingly":

"A defendant acts knowingly when the defendant is aware of:
1. The nature of his conduct that the State complains about; or
2. The circumstances in which he was acting; or
3. That his conduct was reasonably certain to cause the result complained about
by the State."

In Instruction No. 12, the court instructed the jury on the charge of aggravated
battery as follows:
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"The defendant is charged with aggravated battery. The defendant pleads not
guilty.
"To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:
1. The defendant knowingly caused great bodily harm or disfigurement to J.D.,
DOB XX/XX/2012;
2. This act occurred on or about the 2nd day of July, 2015, in Chautauqua
County, Kansas.
"Aggravated battery is a general intent crime. The requisite general intent is
merely the intent to engage in the underlying conduct which results in great bodily harm.
The State is not required to prove that the defendant intended the precise harm or result
that occurred."

In State v. Hobbs, 301 Kan. 203, 340 P.3d 1179 (2015), our Supreme Court stated
that "knowingly" for purposes of an aggravated battery conviction requires more than
merely proving the defendant intended to engage in the underlying conduct. It requires
that

"the accused acted when he or she was aware that his or her conduct was reasonably
certain to cause the result. This does not mean that the accused must have foreseen the
specific harm that resulted. Instead, it is sufficient that he or she acted while knowing that
any great bodily harm or disfigurement of the victim was reasonably certain to result
from the action." 301 Kan. 211.

In State v. Kershaw, 302 Kan. 772, 781, 359 P.3d 52 (2015), our Supreme Court
held that the State must prove that "'the accused acted when he or she was aware that his
or her conduct was reasonably certain to cause the result.' [Citation omitted.]"

In light of our Supreme Court's decisions in Hobbs and Kershaw, Instruction No.
12 incorrectly states that for aggravated battery, "[t]he requisite general intent is merely
the intent to engage in the underlying conduct which results in great bodily harm."
Further, Instruction No. 6 incorrectly includes two alternative definitions of "knowingly"
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for purposes of aggravated battery which are contrary to the holdings in Hobbs and
Kershaw.

The instruction for aggravated battery, Instruction No. 12, should have required
the jury to find that the accused acted when he was aware that his conduct was reasonably
certain to cause the result. It should not have allowed the jury to find that the requisite
intent is merely the intent to engage in the underlying conduct which results in great
bodily harm. See Kershaw, 302 Kan. at 781.

With respect to the aggravated battery charge, Instruction No. 6 should have
required the State to prove that Thomas acted knowingly by being aware that his conduct
was reasonably certain to cause the result complained of by the State. The instruction
should not have given the jury alternatives 1 and 2. See Hobbs, 301 Kan. at 210-11. The
State has conceded the errors in these two instructions.

We turn to the issue of prejudice. Thomas argues that the State only presented
evidence of his anger and evidence of his conduct but not any evidence that he was aware
that his conduct could cause the harm complained of. He contends that while the
evidence was sufficient to support his conviction for abuse of a child, it does not support
a conviction for aggravated battery. Thus, had the proper instructions been given, he
would have been acquitted on the aggravated battery charge.

We disagree. There was compelling evidence that Thomas caused the child's
burns. Wade Matherly, the medical professional who treated the child, testified that the
child's injuries were not consistent with having been placed in hot bath water because the
child's feet and knees were not burned. The treating physician, Dr. Jenna Elizabeth,
testified that the burns were consistent with a shower wand being held in the same place
on the child for an extended period of time. Thomas' 12-year-old daughter told the police
that while the water was running in the bathroom, the 2-year-old child who had soiled his
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pants was screaming as if he were being stabbed or killed and that Thomas kept asking,
"Have you had enough? Have you had enough?" According to Thomas' daughter, this
went on for about 10 minutes. The only reasonable inference we can draw from these
facts is that Thomas was aware that subjecting this 2-year-old child to scalding water for
an extended period of time was reasonably certain to cause the burns complained of by
the State.

With regard to the "knowingly" element of the crime, the prosecutor focused in his
closing argument on the third alternative, consistent with the applicable law, that Thomas'
conduct was reasonably certain to cause the result complained about by the State:

"How do we prove that? Well, the nature of his conduct that we complain about,
the circumstances in which he was acting, and his conduct was reasonably certain to
cause the result complained about by the State. . . .
"Aggravated battery. Who burned this child, right? Did he do it knowingly? Was
it reasonably certain that these things would happen?"

Had the jury been properly instructed on the knowledge element of aggravated
battery, we are firmly convinced that the outcome of the trial would not have been
different. Accordingly, we find no reversible error.

Prosecutor's Statements in Closing Argument

Thomas asserts that the prosecutor's comments in its closing arguments constituted
reversible error because they deprived Thomas of his constitutional right to a fair trial.

In discussing Instruction No. 10, which sets forth the elements of the charge of
child abuse, and while showing the jury photographs of the child's injuries, the prosecutor
stated:

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"Let's start with the actual charges themselves. Now we're going to the elements of each
particular count, and they start with Instruction No. 10 . . . .
"What must the State prove? Each of these claims must be proven, that he
knowingly inflicted cruel and inhuman punishment on [the child.] All right? This is the
evidence that's been admitted in this case. Knowingly. Knowingly inflicted cruel and
inhuman punishment on [the child.]
"Remember this exhibit from State's Exhibit 9? This is a photograph of [the
child's] back. Where do the bruises come in? From the waist up to the middle of his back.
"Where did [Thomas' 12-year-old daughter] say this happened? In their home on
July second when Mr. Thomas was disciplining him in the potty training. It's simple. Do
you think that's okay? Do you think that's okay to do to your child? Then you better
acquit him, but if it's not okay, you better find him guilty.
"What else do we have to prove? That [the child] was less than 18. All the
testimony—everybody knows he's under 18. He's two when this thing starts; he's three
now. Everybody knows that.
"The last element. This act occurred on or about the second of July, 2015, in
Chautauqua County. Nobody disputes it happened in Chautauqua County. Nobody
disputes it happened in July 2015. What's the dispute about? What's the defense been
arguing about for the last two days? You can't prove it happened on July second. I'm
sorry, folks. I don't have to. What does it say? It says, 'on or about.'" (Emphasis added.)

The emphasized portion of the prosecutor's argument is the part Thomas complains of.

With respect to the charge of aggravated battery, and more particularly the burden
on the State to prove great bodily harm or disfigurement as set forth in Instruction No. 12,
the prosecutor argued:

"Aggravated battery. What do we have to prove? [The prosecutor refers the jurors to the
specific page in the jury instructions where Instruction No. 12 is found.] I know you'll
recall the photographs taken by Deputy Franks at the scene on the seventh. Here's just a
reminder from Exhibit 9, aggravated battery.

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"Great bodily harm. Great bodily harm. These are second-degree burns. These
are burns that aren't just, you know, something that will go away in a day or two. This
burn didn't go away for over a week. In fact, it had to be treated for another three or four
weeks afterwards by this lady right here. (Indicating.) But what's more important?
"Exhibit No. 10. Exhibit No. 10. Permanent scarring, disfiguring. Look at that
photograph in Exhibit 10. If that's not disfigurement—look at these photographs in
Exhibit 9 and the one that Deputy Franks took, and if that's not great bodily harm or
disfigurement, find him not guilty. If you think it's okay to do that, find him not guilty. If
it's not okay to do that, you must find him guilty." (Emphasis added.)

Again, the emphasized portion is what Thomas is complaining of.

In reviewing this claim we are guided by State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, Syl. ¶¶ 7,
8, 378 P.3d 1060 (2016):

"To determine whether prosecutorial error has occurred, the appellate court must
decide whether the prosecutorial acts complained of fall outside the wide latitude
afforded prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to obtain a conviction in a
manner that does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. If error is
found, the appellate court must next determine whether the error prejudiced the
defendant's due process rights to a fair trial.
". . . In evaluating the prejudice step of our two-step analysis for reversible prosecutorial
error, appellate courts shall look no further than, and shall exclusively apply, the
traditional constitutional harmlessness inquiry demanded by Chapman v. California, 386
U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed 2d 705 (1967). Prosecutorial error is harmless if the State
proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of will not or did not affect
the outcome of the trial in light of the entire record, i.e., where there is no reasonable
possibility that the error contributed to the verdict."

Also, in State v. Anderson, 294 Kan. 450, Syl. ¶ 4, 276 P.3d 200 (2012), the court
stated:

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"In closing argument, a prosecutor may comment on admitted evidence as long
as the remarks accurately reflect the evidence, accurately state the law, and are not
intended to inflame the jury's passions or prejudices or divert the jury from its duty to
decide the case based on the evidence and controlling law."

Thomas argues that these remarks by the prosecutor are erroneous because they
(1) serve to vouch for the State's case, (2) encourage the jurors to consider factors outside
the evidence and the law, and (3) appeal to jurors' passions and prejudices.

 Vouching for the State's Case

With respect to Thomas' first basis for error, vouching for the State's case, we
recognize that it is improper for the prosecutor in closing argument to express his or her
personal opinion on the credibility of a witness. State v. Sprague, 303 Kan. 418, 428, 362
P.3d 828 (2015). But in the cited remarks, the prosecutor made no reference to the
credibility of the testimony of any witness. On the other hand, it is within the proper
scope of the prosecution's closing argument to discuss the evidence at trial which
supports the various elements of the State's claim. State v. Pribble, 304 Kan. 824, 832,
375 P.3d 966 (2016). It is hard to tell, but this appears to be what Thomas is referring to
as vouching for the State's case. But this is the fundamental purpose of the prosecutor's
closing argument: to link the evidence favorable to the State to the elements that the State
must prove to support a conviction. Thomas makes no effort to explain how vouching for
the State's case is improper. Consequently, we find no merit in his first basis for claiming
error in these remarks.

 Encouraging Jurors to Consider Factors Outside the Evidence and the Law

Thomas' second basis for claiming error is that the prosecutor's remarks encourage
the jurors to consider factors outside the evidence and the law. The prosecutor's first
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remarks, set forth in detail above, address the elements the jury must consider in order to
convict Thomas of child abuse. The first element of that charge is that "the defendant
knowingly inflicted cruel and inhuman physical punishment" on the child. For support of
this element, the prosecutor referred to State's Exhibit 9, the photo of the child's back. He
pointed out evidence that this injury to the child occurred while Thomas was potty
training the child, or more accurately, when Thomas was cleaning the child who had
soiled his pants. Though somewhat inartfully expressed, the prosecutor argued that if a
juror did not believe the injury shown in State's Exhibit 9 was the product of cruel and
inhumane physical punishment, that juror should vote to acquit Thomas on that charge
because that is an essential element of the crime. We find nothing improper in this
argument.

The prosecutor's next part of this statement was, "if it's not okay, you better find
him guilty." Viewed in isolation, one might take this to mean that a juror should vote to
convict solely based on a finding that the injury shown in State's Exhibit 9 was the
product of cruel and inhumane physical punishment, thereby relieving the State of its
obligation to prove the other essential elements of the crime.

We think not. The jurors were each provided individual copies of the jury
instructions which they could follow as the judge read them and as the attorneys referred
to them in their closing arguments. In his final instruction to the jury immediately before
the prosecutor's closing argument, the judge instructed the jurors to "disregard any
statement concerning the law that was not contained in these instructions."

The prosecutor began his closing argument with the following: "If you would, I'd
ask that you turn to Instruction No. 9—that's where I'd like to begin—and keep those
handy because I'm going to review them with you." As he began to discuss the individual
instructions, he asked the jurors, "Do you see that?" and the jurors nodded in affirmance.
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This continued as the prosecutor referred the jurors to the instructions they had in hand,
occasionally asking them to flip from one instruction to another.

In discussing the instruction on child abuse, and immediately before making the
statement Thomas now complains of, the prosecutor reminded the jurors that the State
also needed to prove that Thomas acted knowingly. Immediately after the prosecutor's
statement that Thomas now complains of, the prosecutor discussed the final elements that
the State had to prove for a conviction: that the child was less than 18 years of age and
that the act occurred on or about July 2, 2015, in Chautauqua County. With respect to the
statement now complained of, it appears that the prosecutor was arguing that if a juror
thought the photo exhibited cruel and inhumane physical punishment, that evidence
would support an essential element of the charge necessary to support a conviction. In
any event, taking this remark in context, we do not think any reasonable person listening
to the prosecutor's remark with the court's written instructions in hand would conclude
that he or she was free to find Thomas guilty of child abuse simply and solely on the
evidence that the child's injuries were the product of Thomas' cruel and inhumane
physical punishment.

In the final remarks that Thomas complains of, the prosecutor discussed in a
similar fashion the element of great bodily harm or disfigurement which the State needed
to prove to support a conviction of aggravated battery. The prosecutor began his
comments by referring the jurors to Instruction No. 12 where the court set forth the
elements to be proven to support an aggravated battery conviction. The prosecutor
confined his remarks to the element of great bodily harm or disfigurement. He discussed
the photographic evidence of the child's burns which support this element of the State's
case. As with the prosecutor's earlier comments regarding State's Exhibit 9 in relation to
the charge of child abuse, we do not think any reasonable juror would harbor the notion
that in discussing Exhibits 9 and 10 in relation to the aggravated battery charge the
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prosecutor was urging the jurors to disregard the other elements of the crime and convict
Thomas solely upon the harm shown in these photo exhibits.

 Appealing to the Passions and Prejudices of the Jurors

Finally, for his third basis for error, Thomas claims these remarks appealed to the
passions and prejudices of the jurors. Any action that is intended to inflame the passions
or prejudices of the jury or to divert the jury from its duty to decide the case based on the
evidence and the controlling law is considered to be outside of the wide latitude afforded
to the prosecutors to conduct the State's case and is considered to be error. State v. Tosh,
278 Kan. 83, 90, 91 P.3d 1204 (2004), overruled on other grounds by Sherman, 305 Kan.
at 88; see State v. Pabst, 268 Kan. 501, 505, 996 P.2d 321 (2000).

Thomas cites three cases for support: State v. Kelley, 209 Kan. 699, 498 P.2d 87
(1972); Wilson v. Bruce, 820 F. Supp. 585, (D. Kan. 1993); and State v. Ruff, 252 Kan.
625, 847 P.2d 1258 (1993). None of Thomas' cited cases deal with the kind of statement
complained of here.

In Kelley, the prosecutor, arguing for the defendant's convictions for kidnapping
and rape, "made reference to the consequences of an acquittal on further lawlessness in
the community." 209 Kan. 704. No such argument was made by the prosecutor here.
Similarly, in Wilson the prosecutor argued: "And I ask you on behalf of the State to send
a message to Mr. Wilson that we're not gonna let him do this to the children in the
community." 820 F. Supp. at 587-88. In Ruff, the prosecutor argued, "do not allow this
conduct to be tolerated in our county. . . . Send that message, ladies and gentlemen, come
back with a verdict of guilty." 252 Kan. at 631.

Thomas' prosecutor did not make a "send a message" argument to the jury.

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The prosecutor's first comment was made in his discussion of Instruction No. 10,
which sets forth the elements of child abuse. The elements of this charge were that
Thomas (1) knowingly (2) inflicted cruel and inhumane physical punishment (3) on this
particular child (4) on or about July 2, 2015, (5) in Chautauqua County. The evidence
was overwhelming that Thomas committed the act on this particular child on or about
July 2, 2015, in Chautauqua County. As we discussed earlier, there was equally
compelling evidence that Thomas acted knowingly. The remaining issue was whether
Thomas' acts constituted cruel and inhumane physical punishment. The prosecutor
focused on this element in the remarks at issue. If the jurors accepted that the other
elements of the claim had been proven, then a conviction turned on whether Thomas'
conduct caused cruel and inhumane physical punishment. The jurors were given no
guidance in the instructions on what constituted cruel and inhumane physical punishment.
They were to rely on their own common knowledge gained from their life experiences in
order to characterize Thomas' acts. The prosecutor argued that if the jurors concluded that
Thomas' conduct reached the level of cruel and inhumane physical punishment, they
should find that element of the crime to have been satisfied and convict Thomas.
Otherwise, they should acquit him. We do not find that this argument was designed to
inflame the passions and prejudices of the jury or to divert the jury from its duty to decide
the case based on the evidence and the controlling law.

This same analysis applies to the prosecutor's second remark about the charge of
aggravated battery. Again, a central element was whether Thomas' conduct caused great
bodily harm or disfigurement. Again, the court gave the jury no guidance on what
constituted great bodily harm or disfigurement. Again, that was left to the common sense
and collective wisdom of the jurors. The prosecutor addressed this element in reviewing
with the jurors the photographic evidence to support the State's case on this point. The
essence of his argument, stated less colloquially, was that if a juror concluded that
Thomas' conduct caused great bodily harm or disfigurement, that juror should find this
element of the crime to have been proven and should vote to convict Thomas. Otherwise,
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that juror should vote to acquit him. In closing argument, Thomas' counsel conceded:
"There is no question that that child . . . was burned." He cautioned that the jury should
not decide the case based upon emotions. Taking all of this into account, we do not find
that the prosecutor's argument was designed to inflame the passions and prejudices of the
jury or to divert the jury from its duty to decide the case based on the evidence and the
controlling law.

Even if we were to find these comments to have been improper, we would apply
the harmless error standard to determine whether Thomas was denied a fair trial. As
quoted earlier from Sherman, "[p]rosecutorial error is harmless if the State proves beyond
a reasonable doubt that the error complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of
the trial in light of the entire record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the
error contributed to the verdict." 305 Kan. 88, Syl. ¶ 8. In considering the record as a
whole, we find the evidence of Thomas' guilt on these charges to be both substantial and
compelling. The jurors had in hand the court's instructions and were directed to the
relevant instruction throughout the prosecutor's closing argument. It is clear that the
jurors knew and understood, from the instructions that they had in hand and that the
prosecutor directed them to during the State's closing argument, what the State had to
prove to support a conviction on each count. The jury was instructed that its verdict must
be founded entirely upon the evidence admitted and the law as given in the jury
instructions. We find no indication that the prosecutor's challenged remarks affected the
outcome of the trial.

Cumulative Error

Thomas asserts that cumulative errors at trial combined to deny him his
constitutional right to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. He asserts that the cumulative effect of the district court's improper jury
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instructions and the prosecutor's improper arguments were enough to deny him a fair
trial.

Here, there are not multiple errors to accumulate for the purpose of a cumulative
error analysis. See State v. Williams, 299 Kan. 1039, 1050, 329 P.3d 420 (2014). The
only error found was in the how the court treated the element of "knowingly," and that
error was found to be harmless. This claim fails.

Categorizing an Out-of-State Conviction for Criminal History Purposes

For his final claim of error, Thomas claims the district court improperly classified
his 2001 Virginia conviction for assault and battery on a family member as a person
crime. This claim raises an issue of statutory interpretation which we review de novo.
State v. Collier, 306 Kan. 521, 528, 394 P.3d 1164 (2017) (citing State v. Keel, 302 Kan.
560, Syl. ¶ 4, 357 P.3d 251 [2015], cert. denied 136 S. Ct. 865 [2016]). The legislative
act in question is the revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA), K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-6801 et seq., which sets forth the procedure for classifying prior convictions to
score criminal history.

K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e) governs the classification of prior out-of-state
convictions. In classifying the prior conviction, the court must first determine whether the
prior crime was a misdemeanor or a felony, and then determine whether the crime was a
person or nonperson crime. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)(2)-(3). Here, the district court
classified Thomas' Virginia conviction as a misdemeanor, which Thomas agrees with, so
the only issue is whether the district court erred in classifying the Virginia conviction as a
person crime.

In determining whether an out-of-state conviction was a person or nonperson
crime, the court must decide if there was a comparable offense in Kansas at the time the
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defendant committed the current crime of conviction. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)(3);
Keel, 302 Kan. at 590. If Kansas does not have a comparable offense as of that date, "the
out-of-state offense shall be classified as a nonperson crime." K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-
6811(e)(3). If Kansas does have a comparable offense as of that date, the court must refer
to the Kansas statute to determine whether the out-of-state conviction should be
characterized as a person or a nonperson crime. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)(3).

To determine whether Kansas statute is comparable to an out-of-state conviction,
"'the offenses need only be comparable, not identical.'" State v. Moore, 52 Kan. App. 2d
799, 810, 377 P.3d 1162 (2016) (quoting State v. Williams, 299 Kan. 870, 873, 326 P.3d
1070 [2014]), rev. granted 305 Kan. 1256 (2016). A comparable crime is one that is
"'similar in nature and cover[s] a similar type of criminal conduct.'" Moore, 52 Kan. App.
2d at 810 (quoting State v. Riolo, 50 Kan. App. 2d 351, 353, 330 P.3d 1120 [2014], rev.
denied 302 Kan. 1019 [2015]).

In determining whether the crimes are comparable, the court may not go beyond
determining the fact that the prior conviction occurred and comparing the elements of the
crime for purposes of enhancing the sentence. Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466,
490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000). If the court is required to find additional
facts in order to find the crime comparable, the court must submit the case to a jury to
find the facts occurred beyond a reasonable doubt. 530 U.S. at 490.

Thomas asserts that Kansas did not have a statute comparable to his Virginia
conviction for assault and battery of a family member when he was convicted of
aggravated battery in 2015. In support of his argument, Thomas cites Descamps v. United
States, 570 U.S. 254, 261, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 186 L. Ed. 2d 438 (2013), as standing for the
proposition that in order for the court to use a prior conviction to enhance a sentence, the
statute of conviction must have elements that match, or are narrower than, the generic
crime. He then asserts that the Virginia statute for assault and battery is much broader
16

than the statute in Kansas, so the district court had to engage in fact-finding in order to
find that the Kansas statute has comparable elements. But this identical-or-narrower rule
does not apply in Kansas. See Moore, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 813-14.

The Virginia statute covering assault and battery of a family member simply
provided in pertinent part: "Any person who commits an assault and battery against a
family or household member shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor." V.A. Code Ann.
18.2-57.2 (2001). Virginia did not define assault and battery but relied on the common-
law definitions of assault and of battery. See Clark v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 636, 641,
691 S.E.2d 786 (2010). Historically, Virginia has defined assault and battery under the
common law as follows:

"'An assault is any attempt or offer with force or violence to do a corporeal hurt to
another whether from malice or wantonness, as by striking at him in a threatening or
insulting manner, or with such other circumstances as denote at the time an intention,
coupled with a present ability, of actual violence against his person, as by pointing a
weapon at him when he is within reach of it. When the injury is actually afflicted it
amounts to a battery, which includes an assault, and this, however small it may be, as by
spitting in a man's face, or in any way touching him in anger, without lawful
provocation.'" Hardy v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. 592, 600-01, 17 Gratt. 592 (1867).

As stated in Crosswhite v. Barnes, 139 Va. 471, 124 S.E. 242, 244 (1924), "the slightest
touching of another, or of his clothes, or cane, or anything else attached to his person, if
done in a rude, insolent, or angry manner constitutes a battery for which the law affords
redress."

Kansas spells out the crime of domestic battery in detail in K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-
5414:

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"(a) Domestic battery is:
(1) Knowingly or recklessly causing bodily harm by a family or household
member against a family or household member; or
(2) knowingly causing physical contact with a family or household member by a
family or household member when done in a rude, insulting or angry manner.
"(b) Domestic battery is:
(1) . . . a class B person misdemeanor."

Based strictly on the definitions of the crimes as laid out by the Kansas Legislature
and the Virginia Supreme Court, the crimes of domestic battery and assault and battery
against a family member are comparable. Under both statutes contact with a family or
household member in a rude or angry manner constitutes a battery. We need not engage
in additional fact-finding to find the statutes comparable, but instead can rely strictly on
the elements of the crime. The Kansas and Virginia statutes are similar in nature and
cover a similar type of conduct. The comparable Kansas statute, K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-
5414, provides that the crimes under the statute are person crimes. Therefore, the district
court did not err in finding Thomas' 2001 Virginia conviction for assault and battery of a
family member was a person crime.

Affirmed.